论乾嘉目录学的几个特征

On Some Characteristics of the Study of Bibliography in the Period of Emperors Qianlong and Jiaqing

乾嘉时期,中国古典目录学进入全面总结阶段,体现出集成之势。它以“辨章学术,考镜源流”为核心理念。该理念虽然由章学诚一人提出,但却是当时目录学的共同特征,只是章学诚将它上升到了理论高度。它还体现出强大的功用性,集中体现在指引读书治学上,并在完成对读书治学门径理论总结的同时,也把此理论运用到了实践中。此外,在藏书编目之中,当时的藏书家大多主张公藏于世,藏书读书目录版本之学一体,藏书必有目,并为藏书编目做出了理论贡献,丰富了乾嘉目录学的内涵。不过,遗憾的是,乾嘉目录学虽得到全面总结,但只是散见于乾嘉学者著述中,既非专门也不系统。因此,要得到系统的乾嘉目录学状貌,需要从乾嘉学者与目录学相关著述中去汲取。通过立足文献,着眼其时代,从乾嘉目录学的代表人物章学诚、王鸣盛、孙从添等学者入手,从他们的著述中提炼这几个重要特征并做剖析,以见乾嘉目录学之概貌。

In the Period of Emperors Qianlong and Jiaqing, Chinese classical study of bibliography entered the comprehensive summary stage, which showed the tendency of integration. It is based on the core idea“ to distin guish and criticize the academy, to exam and reflect the source”.Although this idea was put forward by ZHANG Xuecheng, it was a common characteristic of the study of bibliography at that time, but ZHANG raised it to the theoretical height. It also showed the powerful functionality, concentrated in the guidance of the studying and reading, and it was also put into practice in the completion of the summary of theory of the approach to studying and reading. In addition, in collecting and cataloguing books, most of the collectors advocated a nationwide pub lic collection. The learning of collecting books, of reading books, of cataloguing books, and of studying versions of books integrated. Given that cataloguing books paralleled with collecting books, the connotation of the study of bibliography in the period of Qian-Jia was enriched by the theoretical contribution to collecting and catalogu ing books. However, unfortunately, although the study of bibliography in the period of Qian-Jia was comprehen sively summarized, it was only scattered in the works of scholars who lived in that period, which was neither spe cialized nor systematic. Therefore, to get a systematic picture of the study of bibliography in that period, we need to learn from the works of Qian-Jia scholars related to the study of bibliography. Based on literatures at that time, this article starts from the representative of the study of bibliography in the period of Qian-Jia, such as ZHANG Xuecheng, WANG Mingsheng, and Sun Congtian, extracts some important characteristics from their works and analyzes them, so as to overview the study of bibliography in the period of Qian-Jia.