河南沿黄湿地研究进展

Research Progress of Regional Wetland along the Yellow River in Henan Province

湿地是地球之肾,也是具有多种功能的生态系统;同时湿地在全球变化和人类活动双重影响下表现出高度的脆弱性.在全球气候变化的大背景下,人类活动日渐加剧,其中,黄河中下游小浪底大坝的建设改变了黄河中下游区域水文水资源的现状,进而对湿地生态系统产生了一定的影响.在多种干扰之下湿地的保护与恢复迫在眉睫.本文主要以河南沿黄湿地为例,从景观格局变化、水质变化、生物多样性变化以及生态系统服务等方面入手,评述人为干扰影响下湿地变化特征,探讨了湿地变化的原因,并提出了未来研究方向,以构建科学合理的湿地保护框架体系.

Wetland is the kidney of the earth and an ecosystem with multiple functions,which is closely related to human survival, reproduction and development. However, wetland ecosystems are the most sensitive to climate change in terrestrial ecosystems, and human activities have the same impact on wetlands. In recent years, with the aggravation of both global climate change and human activities, wetland ecosystems have shown a high degree of vulnerability. Human disturbance like Xiaolangdi dam has changed the climate conditions of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and changed the natural flow state of the river to a great extent, which has exerted certain influence on the wetland ecosystem of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. It is urgent to protect and restore wetlands under various disturbances. This article starts from the hydrological factors of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in Henan, wetland landscape pattern change, water quality, biological diversity, changes and the change of value, to review the research progress of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River wetland changes. The conclusion is as follows:(1) The establishment of Xiaolangdi dam caused drastic changes in the hydrological situation of its downstream channels, with the overall hydrological change rate of 71.6 %. According to the statistical data analysis of annual runoff and annual sediment transport from 1990 to 2015, the annual runoff in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River decreased by 36% before and after the dam construction. Natural runoff was simulated with the help of BP-ANN model and R software.(2) The changes of wetland landscape pattern in different areas are different, and most of them are affected negatively. Overall, there is a trend of decreasing natural wetlands and increasing artificial wetlands.(3) The wetland waters in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River are polluted to varying degrees, mainly by COD, Non-ionic ammonia and NO2-N pollution, as well as excessive mercury pollution in the reservoir area.(4) Since 2000, the impact of human disturbance on biodiversity mainly lies in the destruction of the original habitat. Different studies have different conclusions due to different time and place of study, but in general, Xiaolangdi dam has a certain negative effect on the biodiversity of wetland in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.(5) The current study has not conducted a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of wetland ecosystem services, but some studies have shown that the construction of Xiaolangdi dam has a negative impact on wetland ecosystem services. Then, this paper points out the existing problems in the current research, and puts forward that the future research direction should take both ecological factors and ecosystem services into consideration. Only by analyzing its mechanism and focusing on ecosystem services the present study provides a reasonable theoretical basis for the protection and development of wetlands.