《古文观止》宋文“不”字句式分析

An Analysis of the Sentence Patterns of “Bu(不)” in Song Wen of Guwen Guanzhi

《古文观止》宋文中“不”字句出现频率较高,“不”字句有三种句式,即陈述句、疑问句、感叹句。在陈述句中,“不”可放在名词、动词及动词短语、形容词、助动词之前。在感叹句中,可分为四类句式:第一类为“主语+V+而+不+ADJ”,第二类为“主语+不可+VP+矣”,第三类为“可不+ADJ+感叹词(哉或乎)”,第四类为“不+者字短语”。在疑问句中,可分为三类句式,第一类为“主语+不+谓语中心”,第二类为“不+动词”,第三类为“不有”“不为”“不容”。“不”既可以否定整个命题,也可以否定某些成分。在否定整个命题时,可分为三类:整体为动词性结构;整体为名词性短语;整体为介宾短语。在否定部分成分时,语义可指向主语、谓语中心词,也可指向整个谓语部分、谓语部分的补语、谓语部分的时间状语。总体上来说,“不”字句的语法功能在宋代已相对成熟。

In Song Wen of Guwen Guanzhi,the word "bu(不)" appears more frequently, and there are three kinds of sentence patterns, declarative sentence,interrogative sentence and exclamatory sentence in the article. In the declarative sentence, it should not be placed before the verb phrase, not also before the adjective, not also before the auxiliary verb, and the "bu(不)"can also be placed before the noun. In the exclamation sentence, it can be divided into four types of sentence patterns.In interrogative sentences, they can be divided into three categories."Bu(不)" can not only negate the whole proposition,but also negate some elements. The first: the whole is the verb structure;the second: the whole is the nominal phrase;the third is the prepositional phrase. When the negative part is divided, semantics can refer to the subject, to the central word of the predicate, or to the whole predicate part, the complement of the predicate part, and the time adverbial of the predicate part. Generally speaking, the grammatical function of unworded sentences has been relatively mature in the Song Dynasty.