明清时期皖北地区逃荒风习的形成研究

Study on the Formation of the Custom of Fleeing from Famine in Northern Anhui during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

明清时期的皖北,水旱灾多发,农耕粗放,民众生活维艰,民人多流徙谋生,进而衍变为逃荒风习。此风的形成,先后经历了趁食、逃荒、趁荒三个阶段。明中期以前的趁食,主要是灾后民人的短期谋食;嘉靖年间产生的逃荒习惯,则是灾民较长时间的逃离灾区谋生;而形成并盛行于雍、乾之际的趁荒是以备荒为目的,无论年岁丰歉,民人都要外出乞食,具有周期性、持续时间长的特点。趁荒既是明清皖北地区逃荒文化最终定型的标志,也是其核心内容及特征所在。逃荒风习不仅是明清时期皖北地区重要的文化现象,也是其突出的社会问题,对区域经济发展和社会综合治理都有不利的影响。

The custom of fleeing from famine in Northern Anhui during the Ming and Qing Dynasties were gradually formed because of frequent floods and droughts,extensive farming,and multiple migration caused by the hardship of the people’s life.Victims of nature calamities often went out to seek food for a short time before the mid-Ming Dynasty.They escaped from the disaster area for a long time to make a living which led to the custom of fleeing from famine during the Jiajing period.The custom of chenhuang(趁荒),all the people have to beg for food periodically in a long time whatever the harvest,was aimed to prepare for the famine,which formed and prevailed in the Yongzheng and Qianlong period.It was not only the symbol of the custom’s finalization of fleeing from famine in Northern Anhui during the Ming and Qing Dynasties,but also the core and characteristics of it.The custom of fleeing from famine were both an important cultural phenomenon and a prominent social problem in Northern Anhui during the Ming and Qing Dynasties,which had a negative impact on regional economic development and comprehensive social governance.