朝鲜王朝的“号牌”

Study on the “Haopai” of the Joseon Dynasty

朝鲜王朝时期的号牌是官造、官给牌,适用对象不仅包括有官职者,一般的庶民乃至公私贱等所有阶层都要佩戴。国家通过对全体16岁以上的男丁发给号牌,旨在掌握各人的职役。身份不同者,所佩戴的号牌在大小、材质、记载内容、填色上有所差异,故号牌有身份象征的功能。号牌自元代传入高丽,到了朝鲜王朝时期,已经发展成为兼有政治、军事和社会功能的制度。朝鲜王朝时期既继承了元代符牌中长形牌的形制与身份等级证明的功能,又吸收了宋代保甲法在户籍管理、军事治安等方面的原理,可以说融合了中国南北方制度的相关要素,形成了特有的号牌制度。

Haopai,the identity plates of the Joseon Dynasty were officially made,and supplied to not only the officers but also all stratums from the common people to the nobles.The government aimed at mastering each person’s occupation by issuing the identity plates to all the males over 16 years old.The identity plates which symbolized the status of the people were different in sizes,materials,recorded content and filling colors.Since the identity plate was introduced in Korea,it has been developed into a system integrating political,military and social functions by the Joseon Dynasty.The identity of the Joseon Dynasty inherited the long shape and the function of status identification from the Fupai(operator cards)in the Yuan Dynasty and adopted some contents in terms of household registration,military and public security from the Bao-jia system in the Song Dynasty.Therefore,the unique identity plate system of the Joseon Dynasty was the combination of the related factors in systems of the Southern and Northern China.