宪法上社会权的发展:传统、改革与未来

On Social Rights in the Constitution of China:Historical Dimension and Realistic Expressions

社会权思潮从19世纪末逐渐兴起,其后,陆续写入各国宪法法律及国际文件,成为当代公民基本权利的主流。我国对公民社会权有自身的认识、价值定位和制度安排,使社会权成为识别我国政治、法律制度社会主义属性的"标志"之一。尤其改革开放四十年以来,社会权成为我国公民基本权利发展最快的增长点。这一切从根本上首先是由宪法所规定的;现行宪法对社会权作了充分且适合国情的规定,这是社会主义的内在需求,是民生传统的当代表达,也是对社会历史变迁的及时回应。现行宪法要求建立合乎社会主义初级阶段国情且引领未来社会发展趋势的社会权保障体系,一方面为公民社会权提供了宪法依据,另一方面也为社会权立法及其保障确立了具体路径,使得公民藉由教育、就业、医疗卫生、社会保障等公共服务享有普遍而平等的社会权,成为丰富自足的人,并最终实现人与社会共同发展的最高目标。

Forty years of reform and opening-up,social rights turns to be the fundamental rights which has been improved most quickly in China. From late-19 th-century,idea of social rights arose in the major industrialized countries. Social rights were gradually stated in the constitutions and constituted the mainstream of fundamental rights of citizens. China has her own understanding,value view and institutional arrangement on social rights,which makes the social rights the symbol of well – recognized of Chinese characteristic socialism. The constitutional provisions of the social rights followed the developing trend with the "livelihood"inheritance and embodied the socialist principles of "guarantee people’s basic living,improve people’s full development". As the one of socialist characters,social rights in the constitution have the various expressions,such as the constitutional outline provisions,policy provisions and legal provisions. The legislation of social rights,especially including the newly social law,ought to be guided and restricted by constitutional principles as below: based on the reality of China,common and equal rights and legalizing approaches.