分期定量春灌一水对麦田蒸散量与产量构成的影响

Effects of Irrigation Once at Different Time on Water Consumption and Dry Matter Production of Winter Wheat in Spring

于2013—2017年冬小麦生长季,选用节水高产小麦品种衡4399,开展麦田分期定量(75mm)灌溉(春灌一水,设置拔节后0d、拔节后5d、拔节后10d、拔节后15d、拔节后20d、拔节后30d灌溉6个处理,记为AJ0、AJ5、AJ10、AJ15、AJ20、AJ30),进行单因素试验。结果表明:不同灌水处理麦田蒸散量范围为361.1~505.8mm;随灌水时间推移,麦田蒸散量呈先增加后减小的趋势,以AJ15或AJ20最高。扬花前营养器官同化物运转量、运转率及对籽粒贡献率均随灌水时间的推移而呈先增加后减小的变化趋势,以拔节后5~15d灌水处理的较高。扬花后输入籽粒的生物产量,以AJ10和AJ15较高,AJ0最低。各处理小麦扬花后同化物运转量对籽粒的贡献率均高于60%,是籽粒产量的主要构成部分。小麦籽粒产量范围为6620.4~8650.5kg/hm2,以拔节后5~15d灌水处理较高。籽粒产量水分利用效率为1.32~2.54kg/m3,除2017年外,以AJ0处理为最优。产量与灌前土壤含水率、土壤供水量及蒸散量正相关。在本研究生产条件下,小麦拔节后10~15d灌水,既能够充分利用土壤蓄水,也有利于提高产量和水分利用效率。

In order to make clear the regulation effects of irrigation timing on water consumption and yield of wheat under limited water supply during spring growing season, a field experiment was conducted in the test station of Dryland Farming Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences during2013 to2017. Winter wheat cultivar, Heng 4399, was used. The measurements were taken on irrigation timing for six treatments, jointing 0 d (AJ0), 5 d after jointing (AJ5),10 d after jointing (AJ10),15 d after jointing (AJ15),20 d after jointing (AJ20), and 30 d after jointing (AJ30). Irrigation amount was 75 mm. Irrigation was synchronized with topdressing. The results showed that evapotranspiration of different treatments was ranged within 361.1~505.8 mm and grain yield was ranged within 6 620.4~ 8 650.5 kg/hm2 . Compared different treatments, with irrigation time delayed, evapotranspiration and yield were increased first and then decreased. The three indicators, transfer amount of dry matter before anthesis, transport rate and contribution rate to grains before anthesis, all increased with lapse of treatment time, and reached the peak between 5 d and15 d after jointing, and then decreased. Transfer amount of dry matter in vegetative organs after anthesis, AJ10 and AJ15 were higher than other treatments, AJ0 was the lowest. The contribution rate of after-anthesis assimilated to grains was more than 60% and was the main component of grain yield. WUE was ranged within1.32~2.54 kg/m 3 which was affected by both the yield and evapotranspiration. WUE of AJ0 was the best treatment except2017. Treatments with higher evapotranspiration was also higher in its grain yield. Evapotranspiration and grain yield were positively correlated with soil water supply amount. These results indicated that irrigation between10 d and15 d after jointing, could not only sufficiently use soil water storage, but also improve grain yield of wheat.