水磷运筹对水稻产量和磷素吸收与利用的影响

Effects of Water and Phosphorus Operation on Rice Yield and Phosphorus Absorption and Utilization

为研究寒地黑土区不同水磷管理模式对水稻成熟期干物质积累、磷素吸收利用和产量的影响,探讨水稻抽穗期根系性状与磷肥吸收效率的关系,通过田间小区试验,设置2种灌溉模式(F:淹灌,C:控灌)和6种施磷量(P0:0kg/hm2,P1:15kg/hm2,P2:30kg/hm2,P3:45kg/hm2,P4:60kg/hm2,P5:75kg/hm2),研究了不同水磷管理模式对水稻成熟期地上部分干物质量、产量及其构成因素、籽粒和植株磷素积累量、磷素利用效率、磷肥吸收效率和磷肥偏生产力的影响。研究结果表明,两种灌溉模式下,随着施磷量的增加,水稻地上部分干物质量、产量、有效穗数、结实率、籽粒磷素积累量和植株磷素积累量呈先增加、后减小的趋势;收获指数、磷素收获指数、磷素籽粒利用效率和磷素干物质利用效率呈先减小、后增加的趋势;磷肥吸收效率和磷肥偏生产力则呈降低的趋势。CP2和FP3处理的水稻地上部分干物质量、产量、有效穗数、结实率、籽粒磷素积累量和植株磷素积累量分别达到两种灌溉模式下不同施磷水平的最大值,CP2和FP3处理水稻产量差异不显著(P>0.05),CP2处理的水稻磷肥偏生产力显著高于FP3处理(P<0.05),因此,CP2处理为本试验中最优的水磷运筹模式。相关性分析表明,产量与水稻地上部分干物质量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与收获指数呈显著负相关(P<0.05);磷素积累量与地上部分干物质量和产量均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);植株磷素积累量与根干质量和根长密度呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。这说明通过适宜的水磷运筹模式,可以创造良好的根系形态,提高水稻地上部分干物质积累量和磷素积累量,有利于提高产量及磷肥利用效率。

A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different water and phosphorus managements on dry matter accumulation, phosphorus uptake and utilization, yield of rice at the maturity stage in cold black soil region, the relationship between root traits and phosphorus uptake efficiency at heading stage was discussed. Two irrigation modes (F: flood irrigation, C: controlled irrigation) and six phosphorus application levels (P0:0 kg/hm2,P1:15 kg/hm2,P2:30 kg/hm2,P3:45 kg/hm2,P4: 60 kg/hm2,P5:75 kg/hm2 ) were set, the effect of different water and phosphorus managements on above- ground dry matter, yield and its components, phosphorus accumulation in grains and plants, phosphorus use efficiency, phosphorus uptake efficiency and phosphorus fertilizer partial productivity were studied. The results showed that under two irrigation modes, with the increase of phosphorus application rates, the above-ground dry matter, yield, effective panicle number, seed setting percentage, phosphorus accumulation in grains and plants were increased firstly and then decreased, and harvest index, phosphorus harvest index, phosphorus use efficiency of grain and dry matter were decreased firstly and then increased, however, the phosphorus uptake efficiency and phosphorus fertilizer partial productivity were decreased. The above-ground dry matter, yield, effective panicle number, seed setting percentage, phosphorus accumulation in grains and plants of CP2 and FP3 reached the maximum, respectively, among the different water and phosphorus treatments. There was no significant difference in yield between CP2 and FP3 ( P >0.05), however, the phosphorus fertilizer partial productivity of CP2 was significantly higher than that of FP3( P <0.05). Therefore, CP2 treatment was the best water and phosphorus management in this experiment. The correlation analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between yield and above- ground dry matter ( P <0.01) and a significant negative correlation between yield and harvest index ( P <0.05). Plant phosphorus accumulation was positively correlated with above-ground dry matter ( P <0.01). Plant phosphorus accumulation was positively correlated with root dry weight and root length density ( P <0.05). The results indicated that suitable water and phosphorus management could create good root morphology, increase dry matter accumulation, which was more conducive to improving yield and phosphorus use efficiency. The research results provided theoretical basis for understanding the difference of rice root morphology and phosphorus fertilizer utilization under different water and phosphorus managements and guiding the practice of high yield and high efficiency cultivation of rice in cold black soil region.