19世纪美国霍乱流行与防治理念的转变

The Cholera Epidemic and the Change of Control Concept in the United States in the 19th Century

19世纪美国爆发了三次霍乱大流行,其公认的流行年份是1832年、1849年和1866年。在此期间,随着对霍乱认识的不断深入,人们对待霍乱的态度也有了质的变化。起初霍乱流行时,宗教道德主义占主流,它教化人们注重个人卫生,倡导节制自律的生活,而到1866年人们已经认识到霍乱具有饮水传染性,进而采取了更为科学的应对方法。19世纪美国霍乱流行使人们积累了一定的疫病防治经验,公众的卫生健康意识逐渐得到提高,为公共卫生运动的开展奠定了基础。

Three major cholera epidemics lashed out at the United States in the nineteenth century. The recognized epidemic years of national proportions were 1832, 1849, and 1866. During that period, with the deepening of the understanding of cholera, there had been a substantial change in attitudes towards cholera. At the beginning of the cholera epidemic, religious moralism prevailed, which advocated people to focus on personal hygiene and advocated a self-disciplined life. By 1866, people had realized that cholera was contagious in drinking water and adopted a more scientific response. In the 19th century, the cholera epidemic in the United States accumulated a certain amount of experiences in disease prevention and control, and the public health awareness was gradually improved, which laid the foundation for the public health campaign.