明清漕运与南昌城外的空间格局——再论江西省仓

Water Transportation of Tribute Grains in Ming and Qing Dynasties and Spatial Pattern Outside Nanchang City——A Re-discussion of Jiangxi’s Provincial Warehouses

明成化十年,漕粮行改兑法,运军需赴州县水次收兑漕粮,这是一次重要的制度变动。"一条鞭法"推行前,漕粮民收民解,旗军、运丁常常盘剥里甲和粮长,至嘉靖朝这一现象更加普遍化。为避免旗军、运丁的勒索,加上江西河道不利航运,自万历朝起江西州县即在省城购置漕仓,于省仓兑粮与运军。"一条鞭法"推行的过程中,漕粮官收官解,这时州县也设立了一批漕仓。至清乾隆朝,南昌城外西北、西南已漕仓林立。这些城外漕仓后来成为试馆、会馆,供士子考试及州县官民赴省之用。通过明清江西省城外漕仓兴起的历史,可以认识贡赋体制对于形塑城市空间的意义。

Tribute grains transportation was transferred in the way called Gaidui began with the 10th year of Chenghua in Ming Dynasty. It meant army needed going to the terminal of counties to receive grains. Before Yitiaobianfa reform, the tribute grains were carried by Lijia and Liangzhang to terminal, the army always extorted them. The situation was more serious since Jiajing period. In additionally, the rivers of Jiangxi weren’t suitable for shipping. From the middle of Wanli period, in order to reduce chances for the army to extort Lijia and Liangzhang, the counties bought warehouses to store tribute grains in provincial capital, Lijia and Liangzhang transmitted grains to the army in these houses. During the practice of Yitiaobianfa, the grains were carried to terminal by government, many warehouses also were built. There are full of warehouses outside northwest and southwest Nanchang till Qianlong period. After these warehouses were built, they were used as Shiguan and Huiguan. Students who took imperial examinations, officials and other people of counties stayed here when they passed through provincial capital. According to the rising history of warehouses outside Jiangxi provincial capital,we can recognize the role of taxation system in shaping the cities space in Ming and Qing Dynasties.