人性是公共政策的广义理性基础——对理性假设的反思与扩展认识

Human Nature is the Generalized Rational Basis of Public Policies:Reflection of Rational Hypothesis and Extended knowledge

传统的公共政策分析是基于理性命题。然而,理性并非是人类一切行为的假设前提,仍然有很多人类行为无法用理性解释,并且理性、有限理性、非理性并不总是像我们常常认为的那样泾渭分明。即使是理性,在不同人的眼里也有不同的定义。与其说人类行为是基于理性或者有限理性,不如说是基于人性。理性是人性的重要特质,理性之于人性,如同特性之于一般性,唯有用人性才能趋近于系统全面地解释人类行为。所以,公共政策的制定要基于人性,以利于形成其具有包容性特征的广义理性,更好地将人类的个体行为引导到公共利益的轨道上,将个人私利与公共利益整合在一起,促使公共政策尽可能实现最大化的公共利益。基于人性的公共政策广义理性,需要依托其相关制度安排的包容性、引导性与动态优化机制。

The traditional public policy analysis is based on rational propositions.However rationality is not the assumptions of all human behaviors,there are still a lot of human behaviors which cannot be explained by rationality,and rationality,bounded rationality,and irrationality are not so distinct as we often regarded.Even different people have different definitions about rationality.It is better to say that human behavior is based on human nature,rather than on rationality or bounded rationality.Rationality is an important feature of human nature;the relationship between rationality and humanity is just like the relationship between particularity and generality,only human nature can be used to systematically and comprehensively explain human behaviors more closely.Therefore,the formulation of public policies should be based on human nature,so as to form the generalized rationality with the characteristics of containment and better to guide human individual behaviors to the track of public interests.When personal interests are integrated with public interests,the public policies can be urged to realize maximized public interests as far as possible.The generalized rationality of public policy based on human nature shall be supported by the inclusiveness,guidance and dynamic optimization mechanism of its relevant institutional arrangements.