“风会”视域下《四库总目》宋代文学分期论

On the Literary Periodization of the Song Dynasty in Siku Quanshu Zongmu

《四库全书总目》以"风会"之变为依据,将宋代文学史划分为宋初、盛宋、南渡、宋末四个时期,并对每一个时期的文坛风貌都进行了宏观的勾勒。从以变开运、振衰起弊的宋初复古文学到波澜壮阔、朴雅畅达的盛宋元祐文学,从理学渐染、平易啴缓的中宋南渡文学到学为门户、诗变江湖的宋末衰弊文学,《总目》从作家群体、作品风格、文学流派、文体衍变等多元角度为我们描绘出宋代文学由弊而兴,又盛极而衰的发展历程。《总目》以"风会"为视角的分期标准是以政局变革为主导、旁及士风、世运与文风的一种综合性的划分标准。《总目》以通变的进化史观审视宋代文学史的演进,注重对宋代文学史风貌阐释的理论性与系统性,呈现出一种近代的史学意识。对《总目》宋代文学史分期的研究,有助于我们加深对《总目》文学史观的理解,明晰《总目》对宋代文学的评价与定位,有助于我们更准确地理解中国文学史生成、演进与转型的历史进程,也为今天的文学史研究提供一些有益的启示与借鉴。

Siku Quanshu Zongmu, based on the changeable situations, divided the Song Dynasty literary history into four stages, the early Song Dynasty, the flourshing Song Dynasty, the river crossing Song Dynasty, and the late Song Dynasty. It also drew the macroscopic outline of the literary arena of each stages. From the metabolic vintage of the early Song Dynasty to the magnificent upsurge of the flourishing Song Dynasty, from the Neo-Confucianism and the river crossing Song Dynasty to the Neo-Confucianism, prejudice and the jiang-hu poets of the late Song Dynasty, Siku Quanshu Zongmu sketched the rise and fall of the literary history in the Song Dynasty, from the perspectives of the writer community, the work style, the literary school and the literary form evolution. The standard for the division was the political transformation as the dominant, and also the consideration of intellectual ethos, the national destiny and the style of writing. Zongmu treated the literary history as evolution of history. It paid attention to the theoretical property and the systematization when it explained the features of the literary history. It demonstrated a sort of modem historiography. This research will not only enlarge the understanding of Zongmu’s literary history, figure out Zongmu’s literary evaluation in the Song Dynasty, but also makes us better understand the generation, evolution, transformation and spallation of the Chinese literary historical process.