生育保险待遇的覆盖面、影响因素及拓展对策——基于第三期中国妇女社会地位调查的实证分析

The Coverage,Influencing Factors and Countermeasures of Maternity Insurance Treatment:An Analysis of Maternity Leave and Maternity Benefits

生育保险待遇主要包括产假、生育津贴和分娩费用报销。利用第三期中国妇女社会地位调查这一最新数据,以1989-2010年生育最后一孩非农就业母亲为分析对象,了解她们产假及生育津贴享受情况,并分别分析有就业单位的母亲和非农就业母亲是否享受产假和生育津贴的影响因素。logistic回归结果表明:户口、受教育程度、同期群、职业、单位类型、单位所有制对有就业单位母亲和非农就业母亲的产假和生育津贴都起显著性影响。研究主要结论是:生育保险的瘦盖面仍然有限,小微企业参保仍是难点,特别是女性非正规就业者几乎享受不到生育保险待遇;随着女性就业的非正规化,更多女性将游离于生育保险政策之外,给该政策覆盖面拓展带来新的挑战。建议有二:一是继续推进二险合并后的生育保险改革,将非正规就业人群纳入生育保险覆盖范畴;二是实行企业+政府+个人三方共同承担的筹资模式,补偿企业在生育支出上的直接和间接成本,提高小微企业参保的积极性。

Maternity insurance benefits include maternity leave (ML),maternity benefits (MB) and reimbursement of childbirth costs.Based on the Third National Survey on the Status of Women,we analyze the situation and influencing factors of ML and MB of mothers whose last child bom in 1989-2010.The logistic regression shows that Hukou,education,cohort groups,career, type of work unit, ownership of work unit all affect the coverage of ML and MB. Our conclusion is that the most important coverage expansion object is small and micro enterprises and informal employment women. With the informalization of female employment, more women will be free from the maternity insurance policy,the effectiveness of the policy will be weakened. So we suggest maternity insurance funds should operate independently and cover the informal employment population;and we also propose to adopt the financing model shared by individuals, enterprises and governments, compensate for the direct and indirect costs of enterprises in terms of maternity expenditures, and increase the enthusiasm of small and micro enterprises to participate in insurance.