论金代女真人的“超迁格”——民族关系影响下的职官制度变革

Study On “Chaoqian’ge” System Of Jurchen In Jin Dynasty:The Change Of Bureaucratic System Under Ethnic Relation

金朝前期设立的“超迁格”,是女真人在职官制度领域的重要特权。“超迁格”仅与武散官系统相关,且只适用于其中的中下品级官阶,这与金前期女真人没有获得文散官的途径、以及金朝严格控制三品以上高官数量相关。正常情况下,相较于非女真人逐阶迁转官阶,女真人凭借“超迁格”,其官阶迁转的平均速度可能是前者的三倍,通过此制,金代女真人能够保持本族的仕宦和政治优势。“超迁格”原是女真人独享的特权,但章宗将此制向契丹人开放,宣宗更进一步将其适用范围扩及所有非女真人。女真统治者扩展“超迁格”适用民族范围,是为了缓和内部民族矛盾、巩固金朝统治。但章宗和宣宗对“超迁格”的改革,均遭到女真官僚集团激烈反对,最高统治者和女真官僚集团对“超迁格”的态度,说明此制属于女真人特权的核心组成部分。“超迁格”这一独具特色的制度,是女真本位政策在职官制度中的体现,也表明了北族因素对金代汉制的显著影响;而“超迁格”所适用民族范围的变化,也展示了民族关系和民族政策对金代政治制度的深刻影响。

The system of "Chaoqian'ge" was important and particular privilege of Jurchen established in Early Jin Dynasty."Chaoqian'ge" was only relevant to the system of Wusanguan and only applied to intermediate and lower level of the system of Wusanguan.But Jurchen expressed their vociferous objects to the reform of "Chaoqian'ge" system by Emperor Jinzhangzong and Jinxuanzong.And this situation showed the importance of "Chaoqian'ge" system to Jurchen and the powerful influence of national-relation to political system in Jin Dynasty.