明清时期“苗疆”土司与“流官”政区疆界纷争与化解——以黔楚蜀交界地区为例

Border Disputes and Solution between the Miaojiang Chieftain Areas and Districts Governed by Appointed Officials in the Ming and Qing Dynasties——Study on the Juncture Areas of Qian, Chu and Shu

明清黔、楚、蜀(今湘、鄂、渝、黔四省市)交界地区曾为“三不管”之地,民族构成复杂,相互间纷争不断,土司与流官政区之间疆界纷争时常发生。其直接结果导致不少流官政区辖地大为削减,对于当时县级或省级政区构成产生了不可忽视的影响,有些甚至成为难以解决的历史遗留问题。面对不断升级的土司疆界争端,中央王朝及各级地方官府实施了阶段性的应对举措,映射出顺应“时势”之变化过程,并最终以“改土归流”作为化解彼此疆界纷争之根本方式。

The juncture areas of Guizhou,Hunan,Hubei and Sichuan(including Chongqing)once were outside of the jurisdiction of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.There were many ethnic groups living in these areas and disputes and conflicts erupted constantly among them.Border disputes between chieftain areas and districts governed by appointed officials took place very often and the direct results of which were huge reduction of the districts governed by appointed officials,and an influence on the boundary formation of many counties and even provinces,and some of these border disputes became historical problems difficult to solve.Facing the constantly growing border disputes in the areas,the Central and local governments took different measures in different periods in order to adapt to the circumstances in the changing process,and at last through the“replace chieftains by appointed officials”reform,these kind of border disputes was finally solved.