先秦君臣遇合的神学政治探源——也说《清华简》“惟尹既及汤咸有一德”

On the Theological and Political Origin of the Pre-Qin Monarch-Minister Relationship: A Case Study of the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips

古文《尚书·咸有一德》“惟尹躬(允)暨(及)汤咸有一德”一句文辞古奥,多处文献备载而无明显异文,当保留了其原始形态。文献中“抚有”、“奄有”及“匍有”等语词乃义近连用,据《叔尸镈》用例的中介,可知此处“咸有”亦属此类,意思是“有”而非“皆有”。与之相关联,“伊尹及汤”句中“及”字是用其“及前人”的动词本义,而非表示并列关系,“咸有一德”乃仅指汤一人而言。如此,整句表述的意思即为“伊尹引导汤,使汤追随自己,由此汤具有一德。”而伊尹之所以具有如此地位,乃在于他是作为上帝的使者。以“惟尹允及汤咸有一德”一句所依赖的“陟降厥士”的意识为中心,《尚书》学构造了充满神性意味的天人观念。

The phrase“Tang possesses pure virtue following Yin”in The Book of History can also be seen in several other ancient documents.In the context,the meaning of the two terms“fuyou”(抚有)and“xianyou”(咸有)are both possession,while the word“ji”(及)is used as a verb instead of a conjunction.Therefore,the meaning of whole phrase is that because of the guidance of Yi Yin(伊尹),Tang(汤)obtained the pure virtue.Since Yi Yin is taken as the messenger of Gods,his deeds are described as reflections of the universe in The Book of History.