民营企业家治村中捐赠行为的诱发因素和潜在问题——基于河南省H县3个全国文明村的调查

Inducing Factors and Potential Problems of Donation Behavior of Private Entrepreneurs in Village Governance:AComparison of Three National Civilized Villages in H Town, Henan Province

《乡村振兴战略规划(2018~2022 年)》明确提出,鼓励社会人才投身乡村建设。在此背景 下,民营企业家为什么参与乡村治理、捐赠乡村建设民营企业家捐赠行为的诱发因素及捐赠引发的问 题具有研究的必要性。论文采用多案例比较研究的方法,对河南省 H 县三个全国文明村民营企业家治 村的捐赠行为进行调研和访谈,实证分析了捐赠行为发生前的诱发因素和发生后的潜在问题。主要结 论有:(1)民营企业家具备情感在乡的个人特征,这是内因。制度环境、乡镇政府、村民等不同层次 的信任是外因,外因作用于内因上使民营企业家回乡治村且成功任职。(2)任职成功后的民营企业家 进行乡村治理、村庄资源整合需要村民更高层次的信任,村民高层次的信任需要企业家自身的高声誉, 民营企业家这种高声誉高信任诉求是诱发其捐赠行为的主要因素。(3)捐赠行为发生后,具有高信任 高声誉的企业家可能存在败德行为,民营企业家捐赠式治理对普通村民产生政治排斥,产生基层政府 职能缺位与权威合法性转移,导致所在企业的行政化与可持续投入压力,出现农民的帮扶依赖与集体 失语等问题。(4)民营企业家治村的捐赠模式难以通过政策引导进行复制,但各级主体信任与动员下 民营企业家任村主职干部这种“选人用人”机制可以借鉴。

The Strategic Plan for Rural Revitalization (2018-2022) clearly proposes that social talents should be encouraged to devote themselves to rural construction. In this context, it is necessary to study the incentives and consequences of private entrepreneurs’ participation in rural governance and donation to rural construction. By using the method of multi-case comparative study, the study investigates and interviews the donation behavior of private entrepreneurs in three civilized villages in H Town, X City, Henan Province, and empirically analyses the inducement mechanism before the donation behavior and the problems after the donation behavior. The main conclusions are as follows. First of all, private entrepreneurs have the personal characteristics in the countryside, which is the internal cause. Different levels of trust, such as that from institutional environment, township government and villagers, are the external causes, which drive private entrepreneurs to return home, run villages and succeed in their posts. Secondly, after successful appointment, private entrepreneurs need a higher level of trust in rural governance and village resource integration. To obtain a higher level of trust from villagers requires entrepreneurs’ own high reputation. A claim for high reputation and high trust is the main factor that induces their donation behavior. Thirdly, after the donation behavior, entrepreneurs with high trust and high reputation may suffer from moral corruption. The donation-based governance of private entrepreneurs generates political exclusion to ordinary villagers, resulting in the absence of grassroots government functions and the transfer of authority legitimacy. That also results in a pressure of administration and sustainable investment of their enterprises, and the emergence of farmers’ dependence on financial support and collective silence. Fourthly, the donation mode of private entrepreneurs in village management is difficult to replicate through policy guidance, but the mechanism of selecting and employing talents such as private entrepreneurs as village cadres in rural revitalization can be used for reference.