阿尼奇科夫的民俗学遗产

Heritage of E.V. Anichkov in Folklore Studies

阿尼奇科夫是白银时代俄罗斯著名的民间文艺学家和民俗学家。他继承了维谢洛夫斯基历史诗学的精要,其对歌谣和多神教的研究推动了俄罗斯民间文学和民俗学的发展。阿尼奇科夫在俄罗斯民间文艺学中的贡献主要有四点:其一,基于翔实的欧洲民间文学资料,强调了春季仪式在人类精神发展史中的作用,指出了春季仪式背后隐匿的原始宗教意识;其二,从美学层面出发,勾勒出春季仪式歌谣在文学发展进程中的作用;其三,梳理了古罗斯书面文学中看待多神教的两种不同观点,尤其是指出宴席是保存多神教遗存的重要载体;其四,强调俄罗斯基督教歌谣的产生并不是完全自发的,而是与此前的多神教密切相关。阿尼奇科夫并未将民间文学的研究封闭在文学的狭窄圈子里,而是从民俗学的视角切入,将民间文学研究与文艺学和文化史结合在一起,大大拓宽了俄罗斯民间文艺学的畛域。

E.V.Anichkov is a famous Russian folklorist in the Silver Age, who inherited theories of A.N.Veselovsky's historical poetics.His research on folk songs and polytheism promoted the development of Russian folk literature and folklore.Anichkov has made four major contributions in Russian folklore. Firstly,based on rich materials of European folk poetry,he emphasizes the role of spring rituals in the history of human spiritual development,pointing out the original religious consciousness hiding in spring rituals.Secondly,he analyzes the significance of spring ritual songs in the process of literary development from the aesthetics perspective.Thirdly,he concludes two different views on polytheism in ancient Russian literature,and emphasizing that feast is a main repository for remnants of polytheism.Fourthly,Anichkov emphasizes that not all Christian songs come into being completely spontaneously,but instead they are closely associated with polytheism.Anichkov has not limited his folklore studies within literature,but instead he attempts to combine the study of folklore with literary studies and cultural history studies,which greatly expanded the boundary of Russian folklore studies.