论中国书院道德教育与科举文教育

Moral Education and Imperial Examination Essay Style in Ancient Chinese Academies

中国书院与道德教育、科举文教育的关系密切。北宋三次兴学运动有力地推动了官学的发展,不过官学在发展中弊端丛生。南宋一些理学家对声利之场的官学大张挞伐,他们将书院作为传道讲学的重要场所。南宋书院的这种教育理念对元明清时期的一些书院产生了深远的影响。由于科举事关生徒的前途,因此很多书院虽重视道德教育,但一般不会反对科举文教育,所反对的往往是唯利禄是图、唯科举是从的浮风。古代也有一些书院受到利禄的侵蚀甚至毒害,不过仍有不少书院坚守传道讲学的教育理念。中国书院道德教育与科举文教育的纠葛问题在当代中国以及西方国家的学校教育中有着类似反映,深入剖析这一问题有助于发掘古代书院教育理念在当今学校教育中的现实意义。

Ancient Chinese academies were very concerned with moral education and imperial examination essay style.The three events to establish schools in Northern Song Dynasty promoted the development of official schools,but many problems appeared in those schools.Some neo-Confucianists in Southern Song Dynasty strongly criticized official schools for their pursuit of fame and fortune.They considered academies as important places to disseminate moral thoughts.The idea had a profound effect on subsequent academies.Because imperial examination was related to students' future,what the head of academies normally disapproved of wasn't the teaching and learning of imperial examination essay style but unhealthy learning environment.Some academies were corrupted by the pursuit of fame and fortune,but many academies attached great importance to moral education.The entanglement problem of moral education and examination-oriented teaching and learning is also obvious in contemporary school education in China and Western countries.The in-depth analysis of this problem intends to explore the practical significance of academy education.