改革开放以来中国社会学得与失——现代化、社会资本、理论与学科

The Gains and Losses of Chinese Sociology: Modernization, Social Capital, Theory, and Discipline

改革开放以来,中国社会学恰好经历了恢复与重建的40年。在这40年中,中国社会学的建设既包括对既有积累的继承与发展,还涉及对当下现实的学科回应;与中国社会的改革与开放并行,在向国外同行的学习中,还需要与国外同行交流。在四条线索同时演进的历史进程中,中国社会学到底得失如何?为反思改革开放以来中国社会学的得与失,北京大学费孝通讲堂于2018年12月邀请中国人民大学社会与人口学院李路路教授、上海大学社会学院张文宏教授、厦门大学社会与人类学院胡荣教授和华东师范大学社会发展学院文军教授,从自己擅长的学科出发,对专业领域的得失进行了评说。其中,李路路、张文宏、胡荣,都是改革开放初期社会学恢复与重建时南开班的学员,是中国社会学恢复与重建的亲历者。伴随中国改革开放40年,中国社会的巨大变迁交织了两个基本过程,其一是现代化,其二是社会转型,外生的和内生的因素同时在这两个过程中发生作用。当中国完成了由低收入国家向中等收入国家的跨越,开始了迈向高收入国家的新征程时,如何认识中国社会变迁的过程和趋势?作为现代化和社会变迁研究的资深学者,李路路对此的评价特别值得期待。改革开放以来的社会学也伴随了人类社会从局部社会因信息技术的应用而快速迈向高度互联社会的历史进程。对这一进程,社会学至少贡献了"社会资本"概念。由社会资本发展出来的,既有理论,也有方法。尽管对社会资本的探讨可以追溯到几十年之前,可是这一领域的真正发展是在20世纪80年代以后,对应的正好是改革开放以来中国社会学的发展阶段,也是中国社会学恢复与重建中同步引进的社会学最新成果。这项引进的得失如何,作为参与者,张文宏有他的判断。在探讨专门领域的同时,参与中国社会学恢复与重建的学者们也希望在理论上有所建树。社会学是脱胎于社会哲学的学科,在180多年的发展历史中,其在理论上的分化已经造成了众多的社会困惑,欧陆社会思辨的社会思想型理论和美国社会实证的科学检验型理论的分野与冲突同时存在于中国社会学的发展之中。胡荣用自己在理论上的探索试图评说中国社会学的得失,也是一家之言。改革开放以后,在社会学恢复与重建之初,费孝通先生提出了社会学学科建设的五脏六腑之说。当然,学科建设远不只是社会学自己的事情,与相邻学科、与社会、与政府、与市场,有着千丝万缕的联系与关系。文军作为改革开放以来社会学恢复与重建后的第二代学者,完全可以跳出初期亲历者的情感牢笼,站在更加客观的立场上,在学科层次看待改革开放以来中国社会学的得与失。改革开放以来社会学的发展,涉及学科领域的众多事项,从机构到机制,从教学到科研,从会议到出版,从传承到发展,可谓千头万绪。这里仅仅是希望从内部人的视角,以两个专门领域以及理论和学科建设层面来管窥学科建设与发展的得与失。文章在最终成文时,均有改动或重撰,借此抛砖引玉,以对学术建设与发展有所贡献。

Since the reform and opening up,Chinese sociology has just witnessed 40 years of recovery and reconstruction.During this period,the construction of Chinese sociology has included not only the inheritance and development of the existing accumulation,but also disciplinary reflection on the current reality.Along with the reform and opening up of Chinese society,when learning from foreign counterparts,it is also necessary to have exchanges.In such a historical process,what have been the gains and losses of Chinese sociology?In order to reflect on the gains and losses of Chinese sociology since the reform and opening up,in December 2018,four professors were invited to share their perspectives on this topic from their own areas of expertise at Peking University.They are Professor Li Lulu from the School of Social and Population Studies at Renmin University of China,Professor Zhang Wenhong from the School of Sociology at Shanghai University,Professor Hu Rong from the School of Sociology and Anthropology at Xiamen University,and Professor Wen Jun from the School of Social Development at East China Normal University.Among them are the students Li Lulu,Zhang Wenhong,and Hu Rong from a sociology class at Nankai University on the beginning of the recovery and reconstruction of sociology in the early stage of reform and opening up.They have witnessed the recovery and reconstruction of Chinese sociology.Wen Jun is a second-generation scholar after the recovery and reconstruction.The development of sociology since then has involved many issues in its subject areas.Here,we only hope to explore the gains and losses of the discipline’s construction and development from the perspective of insiders,two areas of expertise,and the theoretical and disciplinary construction levels,anticipating further reflection on the academic construction and development both within and beyond the discipline.