“道德信仰”还是“好人的信仰”?——康德道德信仰学说的悖谬推理及其有效性

“Moral Belief” or “Good People’ s Belief”?:The Paradoxical Reasoning and Its Validity of Kant’s Moral Belief Theory

康德伦理学始于道德法则,终于“道德信仰”;他用宗教辅助道德,又用道德为宗教辩护。在对信仰所做的“道德论证”中,康德运用了悖谬推理的方法,即从至善如若不可能将导致实践悖论出发,推论出保障至善实现的一些信仰对象。这个“道德论证”向来为人所诟病,不仅由于其中包含某些逻辑矛盾,也由于其结论令人失望。“道德论证”所推论出的“道德信仰”不过是道德的副产品,被私人化为纯粹的个人选择,甚至是“好人的信仰”。这恐怕与康德“为信仰留地盘”的初衷相悖,没有证成信仰,反倒促成了不信。

Kantian ethics began with moral law and ended with “Moral Belief”. He used religion to aid morality and morality to justify religion. In his “moral argument” on belief, Kant used the method of paradoxical reasoning, namely from the point of view that the impossibility of the highest good would lead to the paradox of practice and deduced some objects of belief that guaranteed the realization of the highest good. This “moral argument” has been criticized not only for its logical contradictions, but also for its disappointing conclusions.“Moral Belief” derived from “moral reasoning” is merely a byproduct of morality, which is privatized into pure personal choice or even “the belief of good people”. This did not prove belief, but contributed to unbelief instead, which might be probably contrary to Kan’ s original intention of “leaving a place for belief”.