不同营养复配剂叶面喷施对冬小麦干热风抗性及产量的影响

Effects of foliar-spraying of different nutritional mixtures on stress tolerance to dry-hot wind and yield in winter wheat

[目的]干热风在我国冬麦区灌浆期频发,对小麦生产造成危害。本试验配制不同新型营养复配剂在小麦灌浆前期进行叶面喷施,研究其对冬小麦干热风抗性的影响,旨在确立减轻干热风灾害高效实用的方法。[方法]以冬小麦品种‘豫农 186’和‘国麦 301’为供试材料,在河南农业大学科教园区进行田间试验。花后第 14 天在叶面喷施 5 种营养复配剂,即 CK (10 mg/kg 吐温 80)、A (0.2%硫酸锌、0.3%磷酸二氢钾、1%尿素和 10 mg/kg 吐温 80)、B (A + 0.02%壳寡糖)、C (A + 0.1%海洋多糖)和 D (0.3%磷酸二氢钾和 10 mg/kg 吐温80)。灌浆期内 5 月 9 28 日,每隔 3 天,取样测定旗叶 SPAD 值、旗叶甜菜碱含量、籽粒灌浆速率、根系活力,收获后测产并考种。[结果]干热风胁迫下,与喷施 A 相比,喷施 B 和 C 能显著提高小麦灌浆期绿色功能叶数量,显著提高旗叶 SPAD 值和甜菜碱含量,B 处理效果优于 C 处理。相比于 CK,喷施 A、B 和 C 营养复配剂均能提高小麦根系活力,三个处理在灌浆期变化不一。喷施其它营养复配剂均能有效提高灌浆速率,B 处理效果最显著;喷施 B 营养总配剂对强势粒灌浆速率的促进作用最大,喷施 C 营养总配剂对弱势粒灌浆速率的提升效果最好。4 个营养复配剂均能增加‘豫农 186’和‘国麦 301’千粒重和籽粒产量,增幅分别为3.24%~15.0%和 3.11%~31.4%,具体表现均为 B > C > A > D > CK,其中 B、C 与 A 三处理间均差异显著。[结论]干热风危害下,在常规磷酸二氢钾、硫酸锌、尿素等组成的营养复配制剂中添加壳寡糖和海洋多糖能有效增强根系活力,提高旗叶 SPAD 值和甜菜碱含量,延缓叶片衰老,促进籽粒灌浆,增加千粒重,提高收获指数,实现减害稳产的目的,添加海洋多糖的效果不如壳寡糖。

【Objectives】Dry-hot wind always happens in wheat growing areas, it is one of the main yield decreasing factors in wheat production of China. In this experiment, two nutritional mixtures were attempted for their effect on tolerance to dry-hot wind in the early grain filling stage of winter wheat.【Methods】A field experiment was conducted using wheat cultivar Guomai301 and Yunong816 as tested crops at the Science and Technology Demonstration Park of Henan Agricultural University. Five foliarspray treatments were designed, including CK (10 mg/kg Tween 80), A (0.2% zinc sulfate, 0.3% KH2PO4, 1% urea and 10 mg/kg Tween 80), B (0.02% oligochitosan added into A), C (0.1% marine polysaccharide added into A) and D (0.3% KH2PO4 and 10 mg/kg Tween 80). The green leaf number, SPAD and betaine content of flag leaves, grain filling rate and root activity were determined every 3 days from 9 to 28 of May during grain filling stage. Yield and yield components were investigated after harvest.【Results】Under dry-hot wind stress, compared to treatment A, treatment B and C could maintain more green leaves, enhanced flag leaf SPAD and betaine contents effectively, and the effect of B was significantly higher than that of C. Compared to CK, treatment A, B and C could increase root activities during grain filling stage, although the root activates were fluctuated. Foliar-spraying of nutritional mixtures could promote grain filling rate, and treatment B had the best effect. B performed better in promoting the filling rate of superior grains and C did better in that of inferior grains. Nutritional mixtures did not impact spike number per hectare and grain number per spike, but significantly improved the 1000-grain weight. Compared to CK, the 1000-grain weights of cultivar Yunong816 and Guomai301 were increased by 4.50%–12.4% and 3.44%–13.9%, and the yields by 3.24%–15.05% and 3.11%–31.38% as result. The yield increases were in order of B > C > A > D > CK, and the differences among the treatments were all significant.【Conclusions】Under dry-hot wind stress, the addition of oligochitosan and marine polysaccharide are proved of further improving the root activity, keeping more green functional leaves, and promoting the photosynthesis efficiency of flag leaves, which contributes to delaying leaf premature senescence, accelerating grain filling, increasing thousand grain weight and achieving the goal of increasing yield. Adding oligochitosan shows better effect than adding marine polysaccharide.