日本“首相官邸主导型政治”的比较政治制度论分析

A Comparative Political Analysis of Japan’s Politics with the Dominance of Prime Minister’s Office

从比较政治制度论的视角研究总统制和议会内阁制,通常使用“权力分立”的概念,近些年又提出执政长官与立法、行政部门间存在“目的分立”的问题。“目的分立”是指政府各部门间政治目的和利益不同,而执政长官与立法部门间的“目的分立”是以选举制度为出发点的。选举制度不仅影响政党体制、政党内部权力结构以及组织方式,还产生议员与执政长官在政治行动上的一致或不一致性。在日本执政联盟中,各党政策目标不同,或者主要执政党内部分裂为几个派阀,首相与执政党议员间“目的分立”程度强。通过选举制度改革改变了首相和议员间“目的分立”程度,即通过行政改革减小了首相与官僚间“目的分立”程度。安倍晋三首相执政时期加强对自民党、官僚的控制,试图减少“目的分立”程度,建立了比较完善的首相官邸主导型政治。

The concept of "separation of powers" is widely used in the comparative analysis of political systems of presidential government and parliamentary government.In recent years,the concept of "separation of purposes" between the executive and the legislature branches has been also put forward,which is derived from different political purposes and interests of each governmental departments.The "separation of purpose" between the head of government and the legislative branch is based on the electoral system,which not only affects the political party system,the power structure of the party and the way of its organization,but also produces the consistency or inconsistency in the political action between the congressmen and leaders of government.In the Japanese ruling coalition,the policy objectives of each party are different,and the ruling party is also divided into several factions,with a high degree of "separation of purpose" between the prime minister and the ruling party members.Through the reform of the electoral system,the degree of "separation of purpose" between prime minister and the parliament has been changed,and that between prime minister and bureaucracy has been reduced.Since having taken office,Shinzo Abe strengthens his control over the Liberal Democratic Party and the bureaucracy,in order to reduce the degree of "separation of purposes,"and establishes a relatively well-functioned political structure with the dominance of the prime minister.