中国工业发展70年

CHINA’S INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT FOR THE PAST 70 YEARS

本文分计划经济时期和改革开放两个时期分别论述了1949年以来中国工业70年的发展历程。之所以划分为两个时期,是由于这两个时期的发展战略、理念、路径、成就都不同。前一时期以国有企业为主导,超前发展了重工业,在发展战略上偏向于内向型,在发展理念上倾向于粗放型。虽然取得了不小的成就,特别是建立了较为完整的工业体系,为后一时期的进一步发展打下了较好的基础,但前一时期同时也存在效率低下、资源浪费、人浮于事等弊端,特别是由于轻视了轻工业导致了人民生活水平长期得不到提高。改革开放以后通过发展多种所有制企业和引进外资,重视市场的调节作用,实行外向型发展战略,推动轻重工业平衡发展,参与国际市场竞争,实现了快速的经济发展,使我国从一个人均GDP排名十分靠后的国家一跃成为中上等收入国家,并且具有进一步发展的巨大潜力。本文还尝试着总结我国工业发展的经验,希望能够成为其他国家的参考。

This paper discusses the development of China's industry since 1949 in two periods:the planned economy period and the reform and opening up period. The reason for dividing it into two periods is that the development strategies, concepts, paths and achievements of these two periods are different. The former, dominated by state-owned enterprises and the advanced development of heavy industry, is inclined to introversive development strategy and extensive development concept. Although it has made considerable achievements, especially in establishment of a relatively complete industrial system which has laid a good foundation for further development, there are also some disadvantages, such as inefficiency, waste of resources, overstaffing and so on. Especially, the people's living standards have not been improved for a long time due to the neglect of light industry. After the reform and opening up, through the development of diversified ownership enterprises and the introduction of foreign capital, attaching importance to the role of market regulation, implementing an export-oriented development strategy, promoting the balanced development of light and heavy industries and participating in the international market competition, rapid economic development has been achieved, which has made China leap from a country with a very low per capita GDP ranking to the top which have great potential for further development. This paper also tries to summarize the experience of China's industrial development, hoping to be a reference for other countries.