鼠疫与政府应对——以1920—1921年东北鼠疫为中心的考察

Plague and Government Response: An Investigation for the Plague in Northeast China from 1920 to 1921

1920年冬季,鼠疫卷土重来,危及东北三省及中国。为了防止鼠疫蔓延和稳定东北时局,北洋政府及东北各级政府采取了一系列应对措施。随着各类防疫人员的安排、各级防疫组织的启动、各种防疫规章制度的出台、各项具体防疫措施的落实以及国际防疫合作的开展,鼠疫的蔓延得到了有效地控制,防疫效果较为显著。这一系列应对措施不仅展现了北洋政府的危机应对机制,同时,也反映了1911年后的十年间国家及地方公共防疫体系的发展与存在的问题。

The winter of 1920,the plague came back,which endangered northeast China,and then the whole country.To prevent the spread of the plague and achieve stabilization of northeast China,the Beiyang government(then serving as the central government in China)and governments of any level in northeast China took corresponding measures,ranging from the arrangement of various epidemic prevention personnel,the running of various epidemic prevention organizations,the issuing of various epidemic prevention rules and regulations,the implementation of various epidemic prevention measures,to the practice of international cooperation in epidemic prevention.Fortunately,all these measures effectively controlled the spread of the plague.To conclude,these measures not only expose the Beiyang government’s response mechanism in case of crisis,but also reflect the development and problems of both national and local public epidemic prevention systems in the decade after 1911.