中国的骨针及其对晚更新世人类扩散的指示意义（英文）

Bone needles in China and their implications for Late Pleistocene hominin dispersals

在最近的一篇文章中,由d’Errico教授率领的来自中国、法国、德国研究者的工作表明,世界上最早的骨针出现于西伯利亚和中国北方地区,且这两个地区的骨针可能是独立起源。中国考古学的纪录为这一观点提供了更多的新证据。本文将这一工具类型与石器技术和环境背景结合考察,探讨更新世晚期后半段发生的人群的扩散。我们通过材料的梳理证明,中国北方地区的骨针,是出现于距今31000年前的一次技术创新,这一技术创新以石核-石片技术为代表的中国旧石器晚期的到来为背景。距今25000年,一种新形制的骨针出现。这些骨针形制扁平,与细石叶技术同时出现。这可能反映了欧亚大陆西方人群的东迁,这些人群带来了细石叶技术。更新世末,骨针更加多样化,这意味着他们可能有多种用途。在晚冰期末段,中国北方地区的骨针不仅与细石叶技术共出,同时也与石核、石片和陶器共出。在中国南方地区,在距今12000年前,骨针的出现与石核-石片技术同时出现。南方地区的骨针或是本地的的发明,或由末次冰期前北方人群的南迁带来的。长江以南地区,骨针与石核、石片和陶器在更新世晚期同时出现。更新世晚期中国南北方地区同时出现的这一工具组合,即石核、石片、陶器和骨针,预示着南北方地区在更新世晚期和全新世早期可能存在着长距离的人群的移动和文化的交流。

In a recent article, a team of Chinese, French, Canadian, and Czech researchers led by d’Errico suggested the earliest bone needles were manufactured in Siberia and northern China, and were invented independently in both regions. Here, the Chinese archaeological record is reviewed to provide more details on this claim. The occurrence of this tool type is correlated with the associated lithic technologies and the environmental conditions in order to investigate the dispersal events that took place during the second half of the Late Pleistocene. The review suggests the manufacture of needles represents an indigenous innovation that appears in northern China circa 31 kaBP on the onset of the Chinese Late Palaeolithic alongside stone tools attributed to the core-and-flake technology. As of 25 kaBP, a new form of needle is introduced in the archaeological record. These needles are flat and they appear with stone tools attributed to the microblade technology. This evidence likely signals the migration of a populations bringing with them blade technologies from western Eurasia. At the end of the Pleistocene, bone needles are more diversified, which suggests they were used in a variety of tasks. During the late-Tardiglacial, bone needles are found in northern China both in contexts that yielded microblade technology as well as core-and-flake technology with ceramic. In southern China, the first bone needles appear alongside coreand- flake technology around 12 kaBP. The first appearance of this tool type in southern China could either be the result of a convergent innovation or the southward migration of prehistoric populations that lived in northern China prior to the Last Glacial Maximum. South of the Yangzi river, bone needles are manufactured at the end of the Pleistocene in contexts attributed to the core-and-flake technology with ceramic. The presence of the same toolkit in both northern and southern China at the end of the Pleistocene, i.e., core-and-flake technology with ceramic and bone needles, raises the question of potential long-distance population movements and cultural influences across North and South China at the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene.