中世纪传统大学之衰落：一个学术资本化的分析视角

The Decline of Medieval Traditional Universities: An Analytical Perspective of Academic Capitalization

中世纪后期,巴黎、博洛尼亚等欧洲传统大学呈现出不同程度的衰落,步入了发展的“冰河期”。探寻中世纪传统大学走向衰落的原因,不但可以把握高等教育发展规律,而且也可以对当下大学发展提供启示。从学术资本化的视角来看,中世纪传统大学的学术资本已经金钱化,知识被金钱所遮蔽,逐渐成为贵族的特权;学术资本已经关系化,知识被利益或姻亲关系所遮蔽,甚至是被绑架;学术资本已经政治化,大学或主动或被动卷入政治纷争,教师热衷于追逐政治权力;学术资本已经去道德化,教师职业道德整体滑坡,大学教学和学位授予普遍存在道德缺失。中世纪大学后期所产生的学术资本化现象,为当下大学的学术资本主义倾向敲响了警钟。

In the late Middle Ages, European traditional universities such as Paris and Bologna showed varying degrees of decline and entered the “glacial period” of development. Exploring the reasons for their decline can not only grasp the law of higher education development, but also provide inspiration for the development of current universities. From the perspective of academic capitalization, the academic capital of medieval traditional universities was monetized and knowledge was obscured by money and gradually became the privilege of the nobility. Academic capital got involved with relations and knowledge was obscured, and even kidnapped, by interests or in-laws. Academic capital had been politicized. Universities were involved in political disputes either actively or passively and teachers were keen to chase political power. Academic capital broke away from morality, teachers' professional ethics declined overall, and there was a widespread lack of morality in university teaching and degree conferment. The phenomenon of academic capitalization in the later period of the medieval universities has sounded the alarm for the academic capitalism of the current universities.