元代避讳初探

A Preliminary Study of Taboos in Yuan Dynasty

元朝是由蒙古族建立的大一统王朝。受蒙古社会发展情况和“内蒙外汉”二元模式的影响,元朝在采用汉法的同时保留了大量蒙古旧俗。元代君主多以蒙古文或梵文取名,并且对触讳的惩罚力度较轻。以上因素导致元代避讳与历代相比很不严格,时人多有触讳现象。但元代避讳制度并非形同虚设,并且随着元朝采用汉法而逐渐强化,还同君主以何种语言取名有关。元代松弛的避讳制度冲击了繁琐的避讳文化,对元代及后世社会风气产生了深远影响。

Yuan Dynasty was a unified dynasty established by Mongolian nationlity. Influenced by the development of Mongolian society and "internal Mongolia and external Han" dual mode, Yuan Dynasty adopted the Han system while preserving a large number of the old Mongolian customs. Emperors of Yuan Dynasty were mostly named in Mongolian or Sanskrit, and the punishment for violating taboos was light. These led to lax taboos in the Yuan Dynasty compared with other dynasties, and people often violated taboos at that time. However, the taboo system in Yuan Dynasty was not nominal, instead it was gradually strengthened with the Chinesization of Yuan Dynasty, and it was related to the language of the emperor’s name. Lax taboos had a profound impact on social customs of Yuan Dynasty and the later ages.