试析朝鲜王朝末期的“俄国威胁论”——真实性、信息因素、国际政治观念与话语表述

The “Russian Threat Theory” and the Late Chosun Dynasty:Authenticity,Information,International Political Concepts and Discourse

从19世纪中叶到20世纪初,“俄国威胁论”在朝鲜半岛大行其道。已有研究主要聚焦于“俄国威胁”的真实性问题和中日两国对朝鲜的信息影响,而忽略了“俄国威胁论”产生的观念背景和话语表述。从国际政治观念的角度来讲,“俄国威胁论”产生的基础在于朝鲜王朝对外部世界的总体认识发生了巨变,这一巨变可以用无政府文化、行为动机、身份认同等现代国际政治学的概念加以解释。话语同样在“俄国威胁论”的扩散中起到重要作用。“春秋战国”、“秦”、“东洋”、“亚洲”、“人种”等表述成为“俄国威胁论”传播的载体,也建构和固化了朝鲜对俄国的认识。“俄国威胁论”的历史表明,对“威胁”观念应综合理解、综合治理,这样才有助于解决所谓的“中国威胁论”等问题。

From the middle of the 19^th century until the beginning of the 20^th century,the notion of a“Russian Threat Theory”became predominate across the Korean Peninsula.Previous research has focused on the authenticity of the Russian threat to Korea,and the information effects that China and Japan played vis-a-vis the peninsula,but have largely ignored the background and discourse against which the Russian Threat theory emerged.As an international political concept,the“Russian threat theory”emerged because of a major change in Korean understanding of the external world,which can be explained by modern concepts of international politics such as a culture of anarchy,behavioral motivations,and identity.Discourse also played a significant role in the spread of the Russian Threat Theory.Expressions such as the“Spring and Autumn Period”,“Qin”,“The East”,“Asia”,and“race”all became conduits through which the Russian threat theory developed,shaping and solidifying Korean views of Russia.Understanding the historical emergence of the“Russian Threat Theory”,and building a thorough understanding of the concept of“threat”can shed light into our understanding and ability to manage the“China Threat Theory”.