工伤排除规则重构:从过错到因果

Reconstruction on the Exclusionary Rule of Work-related Injury:From Fault to Causality

《工伤保险条例》第14条第6项以及第16条均以劳动者过错因素作为直接的工伤排除规则,最高人民法院公布的40号指导案例亦采用以无过失为起点的推理逻辑,从而形成了以劳动者过错替代工伤因果关系的刚性规则。工伤排除规则中的过错责任是工伤保险演变的"胎记",与工伤定义并不协调。为防止个人行为或自愿行为具有可责难性成为排除工伤认定的一般规则,进一步周延工伤定义的理论以及完善工伤法律制度,应在因果关系判断中考虑劳动者过错。当劳动者过错足以改变行为(不再是工作行为)的性质时,方可排除工伤认定。在逻辑上,工伤认定规则中的因果关系应该具有周延而完整的解释力。

Item 6 of article 14 and article 16 of the Regulations on Work-related Injury Insurance takes the factors of employee s fault as the basis for directly eliminating work-related injury and Guiding Case No. 40 of the Supreme People’s Court also shows the logic based on the analysis of employees negligence, thus forming a special rule of replacing the causal relationship of work-related injuries with fault liability. As a birthmark of the evolution of work-related injury insurance system, fault liability appears in the exclusionary rule of work-related injury, but it is inconsistent with the definition of work-related injury. The exclusionary rule of work-related injury should consider the fault of employees in the judgment of causality, so as to prevent blamable individual or voluntary acts from becoming the general rules of exclusion of employees compensation benefits, and to improve the work-related injury system in academic research and legislation. The work-related injury can be denied only when the behaviors nature changes from working to private by the factor of fault. Logically speaking, the causal relationship in the identification of work-related injury should be used to explain all the situations.