新中国成立以来工农城乡关系的变迁

The Transformation and Experience of Relationships Between Industry and Agriculture and Between Urban and Rural Areas Since the Founding of New China

纵观新中国建立70年来工农城乡关系的变迁,从生产要素的角度大致可以分为四个不同阶段:新中国成立后以“要素汲取型”为主要目的的工农城乡分割与制度化阶段;改革开放后以“放权让利型”为主要手段的工农城乡关系缓和与农村体制改革阶段;新世纪以来以“资源赋予型”为主要内容的工农城乡关系转型和政策支持阶段;新时代以来以“还权赋能型”为主要方式的工农城乡融合与要素市场化阶段。回顾工农城乡关系四个阶段,可以得出如下基本经验:工农城乡关系是中国现代化的关键问题,其中生产要素的流动和交换是工农城乡关系的主线,而未来工农城乡关系的协调发展更有赖于全面深化农村改革,激活农村生产要素,实现生产要素自由流动和平等交换,从而建立农业农村的自我发展能力。

Based on the overview of the transformation of relationships between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas since the founding of new China 70 years ago,it was proposed that the relationships have undergone four different stages from the perspective of production factors.The first stage was formed when new China had just been established and was targeted at the production factor acquisition,and thus can be summarized as a stage of division and institutionalization.The second stage began after the reform and opening-up,and mainly depended on the “decentralization of power and transfer of profits” to ease the relationships between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas as well as carry through the system reform of the countryside;this thus can be called as a stage of relationship warming and rural system restructuring.Since the entry into the new century,the focus has been shifted to “resources endowment” to promote the relationship transformation and policy support,leading to the third stage of the relationship transformation and policy support.In the new era,the relationships between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas developed into the fourth stage of integration and productive factor marketization by means of “the return of rights and empowerment”.Having reviewed the four stages of the relationships between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas,the following basic experience can be obtained:the mobility and exchange of essential productive factors are the principal lines of the relationships,which are now key issues in the modernization of China.Consequently,the coordinated development of the relationships in the future will rely more on the all-round deepening of the rural reform,which directly determines whether or not the rural production factors can be activated to realize the free mobility and equal exchange of production factors,and eventually build the self-development capability of agriculture and rural areas.