密宗《七羅刹母供養儀軌》與佛教的吐蕃化

The Tantric Offering Ritual of Seven Rakshasis and Localized Buddhism in Tibet

通過對P.T. 307《七羅刹母供養儀軌》的録文、翻譯和釋讀,初步認爲"十二丹瑪"("丹瑪"又意譯爲"地母"或"地祇")這一組女神的具體名號,是從"七羅刹母"演變而來,即後世將同一女神之不同異稱,又視爲不同神靈之名稱,最終使"十二丹瑪"之名稱得以落實。P.T. 307反映了吐蕃末期就有蓮花生降伏鬼神故事之流傳,而且本土的神靈以佛教護法神之面目進入了佛教,亦即吐蕃時代就已開始了佛教的本土化進程。

This essay transliterated the text of “the offering ritual of seven Rakshasis” from P. T. 307 into Unicode, and did translation and interpretation to the text as well. And considered the specific names of “Twelve Tenmas”(“Tenma” translated as “mother of earth” or “goddess of the earth”)are evolved from the “Seven Rakshasis” and later people called those goddesses in different names and then recognized as different gods, thus the name of “Twelve Tenmas” are implemented. Through the Dunhuang document of P. T307, we can notice the stories of how Padmasambhava subdued ghosts and local gods were popular at the later period of Tibetan empire Dynasty. Thus, the local gods became the members of Buddhist protector deities and began to localization of Buddhism in Tibet.