五代前夜：秦岐置州所见唐末“地缘政治”

On the Eve of Five Dynasties: Geopolitics in Late Tang through Establishment of Prefectures by Qinqi Regime

黄巢起义将安史乱后唐帝国勉强维系的地方秩序再次击碎,造成实质性的破坏。其后藩镇互相攻伐,抢夺地盘,将唐末的天下划分成以朱温、李克用、李茂贞、王建、杨行密等为首的势力范围,并由此塑造五代十国的基本雏形。在大唐帝国即将崩溃的最后三年,居于梁、岐分界线一侧的乾、耀、鼎、翟四州的意义,其历史角色的转换、时代背景的转换、并行关系到统属关系的转换、历史书写态度的转换等方面,均有助于窥见唐末极其零星的州县置废史料背后更为丰富的时代内涵,并诱发我们思考更深层次的话题。虽然李茂贞没有建立正式国号,但行用唐天祐年号长达二十一年,与后梁存亡相始终。其不愿称臣又不敢称帝的矛盾心理最值得玩味。地志材料所载李茂贞"僭行墨制"建置四州之时,朱温的势力已经具备作为地方政权乃至王朝国家的基本条件。针对新的形势变化,李茂贞在此前强藩与强藩关系中需要考虑的军事攻防、户口归集等问题,到天祐年间是否需要预见即将到来的政权与政权乃至国家与国家关系中全新的战略考虑,值得引起充分重视。唐朝地方体制中一国之内各地区的州县置废,在五代时期则有可能蜕变甚至勾勒出具有边界意义的前沿要地。

Huangchao Uprising had really destroyed the local order after Anshi Rebellion in Tang Dynasty.Since then the military commissioners attacked each other and the empire was divided into several forces headed by Zhu Wen, Li Keyong, Li Maozhen, Wang Jian, Yang Xingmi, etc., which shaped the embryonic form of late Tang to Five Dynasties. In the last three years of Empire Tang, the four prefectures of Qianzhou, Yaozhou, Dingzhou, Zhaizhou had played an important role, which sided on the border of Liang and Qi. The change of historic roles, background, relationship from parallel to subordination, writing attitude and so no, all will help to glimpse the more plentiful age connotation behind the fragmentary materials on the establishment and abolishment of prefectures, and led us to much deeper topics. Without a dynasty title, Li Maozhen had continued to use the reign title of Tianyou in Tang for 21 years, which had lasted as long as late Liang. He was neither willing to acknowledge allegiance, nor dared to proclaim emperor. His contradictory feelings were thought-provoking. As the geographical materials said, when Li Maozhen established four prefectures, Zhuwen had the conditions for a local reign even and an dynastystate. Before Tianyou, Li Maozhen took militaries and population into considerations. But in the period of Tianyou, he paid more attention to the relations between regimes and regimes, even between states and states. The abolishment and establishment of prefectures and districts in all regions of Tang Dynasty would outline the frontier as important as the borderland in Five Dynasties.