朝鲜王朝移植书院制度的几个问题——以李氏朝鲜书院文献为主的讨论

Some Issues about the Introduction of Academy Institution in Joseon Dynasty

书院是东亚儒家士人共同的文化教育组织。朝鲜在明嘉靖万历年间引入中国书院制度,《竹溪志》《迎凤志》《吴山志》可以呈现书院移植历程。周世鹏依朱子白鹿洞故事,首创白云洞书院,首修院志《竹溪志》,初立谨祀、礼贤、修宇、备廪、点书的运行机制,功在肇始、奠基。卢庆麟创建迎凤书院,作《迎凤志》,立祠象贤、立院养贤,且首立《庙院定议录》《学规录》彰显制度建设,功在拓展。李滉继周世鹏之后经纪白云洞书院,上书请求赐额,奠定书院赐额制度,后以学者身份参与近十所书院的建设,更解析推广《白鹿洞书院揭示》并列入《圣学十图》,其功在集大成。

The academy(书院) was formed in the Tang Dynasty of China at the end of the seventh century, and later developed into the common cultural and educational institution of Confucian scholars in East Asia, it has a history of nearly 1,300 years. Korea’s academies were introduced from China and formed part of East Asian academies. In their development process, they formed their own characteristics. This paper is based on the academy documents of the Korean era, such as Records of Jukgye (竹溪志), Records of Yeongbong (迎凤志), Records of Osan(吴山志), Records of Yeogang(庐江志), the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty(李朝实录)and the literature of academy rules and regulations, etc. In view of how the Chinese academy institution was introduced into the Korean Dynasty, this paper has some different views from the South Korean scholars.It is generally believed that the Baegundong Academy(白云洞书院), which was founded by Joo Se-bung(周世鹏), the Governor of Poongki(丰基), in the Zhongzong(中宗) period, was the beginning of the academy of Korea, and also the beginning of the introduction of Chinese academy institution by Korea. However, according to the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, as early as in the early years of Shizong(世宗), private academies of Confucian scholars with teaching functions had appeared in the society, which should bring forward the beginning of the history of Korean academies by more than 120 years. Korea’s introduction of the Chinese academy institution did not begin during the Zhongzong period, at least as far back as the 21 st year of Shizong, more than 100 years ago. By the second half of the 16 th century, during the Korean Zhongzong, Renzong(仁宗), Mingzong(明宗) and Xuanzu(宣祖) periods, academies and temples were regarded as institution not found in Korea, which needed to be introduced from China, and Korean academies entered the period of introduction. Generally speaking, the introduction and acceptance period of Korean academies is about 60 years. The three books compiled in this period, Records of Jukgye, Records of Yeongbong and Records of Osan, can roughly show the process of introducing the academy institution.Joo Se-bung, Rho Gyeongrin(卢庆麟)and Lee Hwang(李滉)made the largest contribution to the introduction of the academy institution. Joo Se-bung and Lee Hwang both believed in Zhuzi-ology(朱子学), but Joo is considered to be the conservative faction, and his contributions are greatly underestimated by later generations. Zhu Xi’s behavior in the Bailudong Academy(白鹿洞书院) became the object that Joo Se-bung imitated. He founded the Baegundong Academy, compiled the Records of Jukgye, and put forward five institutions. His achievement lied in his first creation. Some scholars believe that Baegundong Academy is the earliest academy in Korea, it is thought to be an adjunct to the Mun-sung-gong Temple(文成公庙), but this is not the case. In Joo Se-bung’s opinion, the Academy and the Temple are different and parallel, one is to urge people to learn, the other is to worship people with virtue, each has its own function. Rho Gyeongrin founded Yeongbong Academy(迎凤书院) and wrote the Records of Yeongbong. He built a temple to honor the sage and an academy to support Confucian scholars. But it also raised questions about why academies should be set up when there were official schools. He wrote the Resolution of the Temple and Academy (庙院定议录) to record the introduction and development of the academy institution. In addition, he wrote the Records of Learning Regulations (学规录), emphasizing the construction of institutions. His contribution was to expand the influence of the academy institution. Lee Hwang managed Baegundong Academy after Joo Se-bung. He begged the king to bestow plaque for the academy, thus establishing the institution of plaques for the academies. Later, as a scholar, he wrote many articles about academies, and directly or indirectly participated in the management of nearly ten academies. At the same time, he explained and promoted the Bailudong Regulation (白鹿洞书院揭示), and spread it to the whole Korean peninsula and even Japan. His achievement was to perfect the Korean academy institution. Among Joo Se-bung, Rho Gyeongrin and Lee Hwang, Lee Hwang’s reputation was the most prominent, which was fully recognized and even suspected of being overpraised. Joo Se-bung’s reputation stems from creating Baegundong Academy, but his role in laying the foundation for the development of Korea’s academy institution is not recognized. Rho Gyeongrin’s work has not received any recognition. If we can make a detailed study of the academy records, the development situation of the academies in Korea will become increasingly clear.