我国煤炭开采与岩层控制技术发展40a及展望

Forty years development and prospects of underground coal mining and strata control technologies in China

开采方法与装备及岩层控制技术是保证煤炭正常生产的核心技术。介绍了改革开放40 a来我国采煤方法与装备、岩层控制理论与技术、特殊采煤与矿区生态环境保护技术的发展历程。基于煤炭科学研究总院开采研究分院主持和参与的科研项目,总结了40 a来煤炭开采与岩层控制技术取得的研究成果。包括薄及中厚煤层、厚煤层一次采全高综采技术与装备,厚及特厚煤层综采放顶煤开采技术与装备,及智能化开采技术与装备;采场覆岩运动与破断规律,岩层结构假说,液压支架与围压相互作用关系,及坚硬和破碎顶板控制技术;巷道锚杆支护理论与成套技术,破碎围岩注浆加固技术,及高应力、强采动巷道水力压裂卸压技术;冲击地压发生机理,冲击危险区域评价技术,冲击地压实时监测、预警及综合防治技术;开采沉陷理论,建(构)筑物下、近水体下、承压水上开采等特殊采煤技术,及矿区生态环境保护技术。40 a的研究与实践表明,我国煤矿已形成具有中国特色的煤炭开采与岩层控制成套技术体系,为煤矿安全、高效、绿色开采提供了可靠的技术保障。最后,提出了煤炭开采与岩层控制技术的发展方向与建议。

Mining methods,equipment and strata control technologies are the core elements to ensure the normal production of coal mining. This paper introduces the development process of coal mining methods and equipment,strata control theories and associated technologies,special coal mining and mining ecological environmental protection technology during the 40 years of reform and opening-up in China since 1978. Based on the scientific and technical research projects initiated and participated by the Mining Research Branch of the China Coal Research Institute,the main achievements obtained from coal mining and strata control technologies in the past 40 years were summarized in the following aspects:the fully mechanized mining technology and equipment for thin,medium thick,and thick coal seams,the fully mechanized top coal caving mining technology and equipment for thick and extra-thick coal seam,and the technology and equipment for intelligent mining;the movement and breaking laws of strata overlaid above working faces,the mechanical hypothesis of strata structures,the interaction between shields and surrounding rock,and the control technologies for hard and broken roofs;roadway rock bolting theories and complete set of technologies,grouting reinforcement technology for fractured rock,and the destressing technology with hydraulic fracturing for roadways with high stresses or affected by serious mining activities;rock burst occurrence mechanism,assessment methods for burst risk zones,and the rock burst monitoring with early-warning and integrated control techniques;mining subsidence theories, special mining methods such as mining under buildings,water body,and mining above confined aquifer,as well as the ecosystem and environmental protection in mining areas. The 40-year researches and practices show that a complete set of technical systems for coal mining and strata control have been formed in China with special Chinese characteristics, which provides reliable technical supports for safe,efficient and green production of coal mines. Besides,the future development and suggestions for coal mining and strata control technologies are provided.