江苏省某县学龄期儿童五氯酚暴露水平及影响因素

Exposure assessment and predictors of pentachlorophenol among school-age children in a county of Jiangsu Province

[背景]五氯酚(PCP)在生活和生产中被广泛用作杀虫剂和防腐剂,在环境中持久性存在。PCP具有肝毒性、遗传毒性和神经毒性等多种毒性作用,儿童暴露评估数据十分匮乏。[目的]评估江苏省某县学龄期儿童尿中PCP暴露水平,并探究可能的影响因素。[方法]选取江苏省某农村地区427名学龄期儿童作为研究对象。问卷调查儿童的人口学信息、居住环境、行为习惯和膳食偏好等信息,并采集尿样。应用同位素稀释气相色谱-串联质谱法测定尿样PCP水平。采用稳态毒代动力学模型估算每日摄入量,应用多元线性回归分析方法分析PCP暴露可能的影响因素。[结果]427名儿童尿样中PCP检出率为99.1%。未校正、尿肌酐校正和尿比重校正后PCP几何均值[95%置信区间(CI)]分别为0.106(0.096~0.119)μg/L、0.188(0.167~0.211)μg/g肌酐和0.132(0.117~0.149)μg/L。未校正PCP浓度变化范围为未检出~6.60μg/L。估算研究人群每日PCP摄入量的几何均值(95%CI)为0.003 0(0.002 7~0.003 4)μg/(kg·d)。单因素分析PCP在不同膳食特征中的分布情况,未见统计学差异。多元线性回归分析结果显示,女孩尿PCP浓度高于男孩(P=0.013),到田间玩耍的儿童和家中饲养宠物的儿童尿PCP浓度分别高于未到田间玩耍和家中不饲养宠物的儿童(P=0.012和P=0.030)。[结论]研究地区儿童普遍暴露于PCP。儿童到田间玩耍以及与宠物接触可能会增加PCP的暴露机会,生活中应减少可能导致儿童PCP暴露增加的机会。

[Background] Pentachlorophenol(PCP) is widely used as pesticides and preservatives in daily life and agricultural production, and persistent in the environment. PCP has hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, and neurotoxicity;however, data on PCP childhood exposure assessment are still limited.[Objective] This study evaluates urinary concentrations of PCP among school-age children in a county of Jiangsu Province, and explores its potential predictors.[Methods] A total of 427 children from a rural area in Jiangsu Province were enrolled. Information on sociodemographic characteristics, residential environment, behaviors, and dietary preferences was collected through questionnaire survey. Spot urine samples were collected from children. Urinary PCP concentrations were measured by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(GC-MS/MS). Estimated daily intakes(EDI) of PCP were calculated using steady-state toxicokinetic model. Multiple linear regression models were used to analyze predictors of PCP exposure.[Results] The detection rate of urinary PCP was 99.1% in 427 children. The geometric means(95% confidence interval, CI) of unadjusted, creatinine-adjusted, and specific gravity-adjusted urinary PCP concentrations were 0.106(0.096-0.119) μg/L, 0.188(0.167-0.211) μg/g(in creatinine), and 0.132(0.117-0.149) μg/L, respectively. The unadjusted concentrations of PCP ranged from < limit of detection(LOD) to 6.60 μg/L. The geometric mean(95% CI) of EDI of PCP was 0.003 0(0.002 7-0.003 4) μg/(kg·d). No significant difference was observed for the distribution of PCP concentrations among different dietary preferences. Girls showed higher urinary concentrations of PCP than boys(P=0.013). Likewise, children who played farmland and who owned pets had higher urinary PCP levels than those not(P=0.012 and P=0.030), respectively.[Conclusion] PCP exposure is widespread in the studied region. Holding pets and playing on farmland may act as predictors for PCP exposure of children. The findings indicate that reduction of contacting with PCP in daily life is warranted for controlling lifetime PCP exposure.