楚制与项羽在楚汉之争中的失败

The Relationship Between the Chu System and Xiang Yu’s Defeat in the Chu and Han Wars

贵族政治和能者政治是楚制的两大特点,且随着楚国对中原文化的吸收逐渐被礼制化。项羽生于楚将世家,深受楚制影响。在性格上,他热衷于建功树业并盲目崇尚武力,同时以礼待人的准则使其遇事犹豫不决,要求他人认同自己时又变得十分暴戾。在用人上,楚国传统用人观念造成项羽集团人才结构失衡、考核人才的标准和方式不够灵活、未能充分为人才提供发展平台三个问题,最终导致了项羽在楚汉之争中的失败。

The two major characteristics of the Chu system were that aristocrats enjoyed privileges and valued personal ability. And with the absorption of the Central Plains culture by Chu, the Chu system was gradually ritualized. Xiang Yu was bom in an aristocratic family of Chu and was deeply influenced by the Chu system. In character, his desire for achievement caused him to blindly believe in force after a series of victories. At the same time, treating people according to the requirements of etiquette makes him hesitant in dealing with matters, while asking others to acknowledge his dominant position causes him to be very cruel. In the use of human resources, the traditional concept of Chu caused three problems, namely, the imbalance in geographical and functional composition of his subordinates, the single standard and rigid way of talent assessment, and the failure to provide sufficient development platform for talents. Finally, Xiang Yu lost to Liu Bang in the battle between Chu and Han.