Efficient nonfullerene organic solar cells with active layers fabricated by water transfer printing

Preparation of high-quality films plays an important role to achieve high-performance nonfullerene (NF) organic solar cells. NF active layer films are typically fabricated by spin coating. Novel fabrication methods to process the NF active layer are desirable to be compatible with large-area production. Herein, we report on the fabrication of NF active layer films via a water transfer printing method.This method delivers a uniform film with controllable film thicknesses. NF active layers of PDBD-T:ITIC and PBDB-T-2F:IT-4F were fabricated via the method to validate its effectiveness. Solar cells with the water transfer-printed active layers show comparable performance (up to 11.7%) to the cells with spin-coated active layers. Furthermore, NF solar modules containing 4-sub cells with the active area of 3.2 cm2 are also fabricated via the method. The module shows VOC of up to 3.4 V and a power conversion efficiency of 8.1% with the PBDB-T-2F:IT-4F active layer.