宽文针灸铜人里的中西方医学印迹

Traces of Chinese and Western medicine in the Kanbun bronze acupuncture figure

针灸铜人是古代针灸学习者与实践者用于学习、记述人身体表经穴的人体模型。最早的针灸铜人铸于北宋天圣五年,后世历代皆有延续铸制,并传至海外。其中,以日本江户时代的针灸铜人模仿、制作风潮最是突显。目前保存较完好、背景资料相对详实的江户时代针灸铜人是藏于日本东京国立博物馆的金属网状铜人,因制作于宽文年间,亦称"宽文针灸铜人"。本文梳理了中外现有关于宽文针灸铜人的研究成果,从时代特征、制作背景、制作者情况等几个方面对其历史进行回顾。在此基础上,从宽文铜人体现的"司外"层面的中国传统针灸思想、理论,探讨其针灸意义上的价值;此外,结合江户时代兰学传入对日本的影响,借由其体现的"揣内"层面的兰医解剖知识的具化,论说宽文铜人的西方医学价值;最后,从针灸铜人的网制结构,反思江户时代日本在东西方医学思潮冲击下的取向与选择,并在此启发下,探讨医学文化传播中受众角色的接收与创造动因。

Acupuncture figure is the model of human body for the learners and practitioners of acupuncture to learn and memorize the meridians points on the body surface in ancient time. The earliest bronze acupuncture figure was made in the fifth year of the North Song Dynasty and it had been cast continuously or even spread to overseas in the later dynasties. Specially, the imitation and production of bronze acupuncture figure in Japan in Edo Period were the most prominent. At present, the bronze acupuncture figure of the Edo era, with the complete and detailed historical background records, is preserved in the Tokyo National Museum of Japan and exhibited as a metal reticulated bronze figure. Such figure was named as Kanbun bronze acupuncture figure because it was cast during the Kanbun period. In the paper, the study achievements were collected on the Kanbun bronze acupuncture figure at home and abroad and its history was reviewed in terms of time feature, production background and producer. Based on the traditional Chinese thought and theory of acupuncture and moxibustion embodied by Kanbun bronze acupuncture figure, the value of the Kanbun bronze acupuncture figure in acupuncture and moxibustion was explored. Additionally, align with the introduction of Western medicine in Edo era in Japan and in consideration with the specific understanding on anatomical knowledge in Western medicine reflected by the bronze acupuncture figure, the value of the Western medicine was discussed. Finally, in view of the reticule structure of bronze acupuncture figure, the orientation and selection were analyzed under the influence of the eastern and western medicine in the Edo era, based on which, the motivation of the acceptance and creation of this bronze acupuncture figure in Japan was explored in the culture dissemination of medicine.