画像石中的汉代陕北社会

The Northern Shaanxi Society of Han Dynasty Seen in the Stone Sculpture

秦及西汉武帝元朔四年前,今陕北地区属上郡。元朔四年后开置西河郡,今陕北地区属上郡及西河郡黄河以西部分。依据陕北汉画像石的出土地及其题刻文字,可以明确汉代无定河曾称“圜水”,汉代西河圜阳、平周二县分别在今无定河边绥德、米脂境内,而“圜阴”或即在今绥德城西黄家塔。汉代上郡西河因为屯田积谷备胡的需要,设置有许多官职,如上郡武库令,负责武器装备的管理;属国都尉、部都尉,负责管理监护降胡和内附各族;农令、农都尉等农官负责农业水利等。中高级官吏们车骑浩荡,随从众多,相互之间公私交往都较为密切,尤其在吊丧会葬等场合讲究排场。上郡西河的民众五方杂厝、来源众多,他们日常以农牧业为生计,也经常以六郡良家子的身份应征期门羽林卫士,或作为羌骑、胡骑等从军征战。服饰则呈现多元特色,既有冠帻袍服,也有尖顶帽和短衣裤装;妇女发型多样,贵族妇女的发型比之一般女性更为复杂精致,但西汉以来流行的垂髾髻仍是女性最为流行喜爱的样式。陕北汉画像石的写实风格,形象生动地展示了今陕北地区,即汉代上郡、西河不同阶层的生活状况,再现了汉代社会的历史变迁。

The Present Northern Shaanxi region belonged to Shang Prefecture in Qin and early Western Han Dynasty,and after the fourth year of Yuanshuo,it belonged to both Shang and the western part of the Yellow River of Xihe Prefecture since it had been set up.According to the land and inscriptions on the stone sculptures in Northern Shaanxi,it can be made clear that Wuding River was once called“Yuan Water”,Yuanyang and Pingzhou County of Xihe Prefecture were located in Suide and Mizhi county,while“Yuanyin”may be located in Huangjiata which was in the west of Suide today.In Han Dynasty,Xihe and Shang Prefecture had many officials,such as the warehouse order of Shangjun County,which was responsible for the management of weapons and equipment;the captain of the state and the captain of the ministry,which was responsible for the management and guardianship of this area and the captain of agriculture and water conservancy.The middle and senior officials rode vast bicycles and had many followers.Those officers,who had closely contacts with each other,had groups of vehicles and horses,also many followers,in special occasions such as funeral,they showed in great splendor.The residents had a wide range of sources and complex ingredients.They took agriculture and animal husbandry as their daily livelihood,and also took up the posts of their good identities to be soldiers.The clothes showed multiple features,including gowns,pointy hats and shorts;women had diverse hairstyles,and noble women had more sophisticated hairstyles than ordinary women,but the most popular hairstyle was still the one which was popular since Western Han Dynasty.The realistic style of Han Dynasty stone sculpture vividly showed the living conditions of different classes in Northern Shaanxi,and reproduced the historical changes of the Han Dynasty society.