牙髓干细胞外泌体的研究进展

Research progress on exosomes derived from dental pulp stem cells

外泌体是由细胞经"内吞-融合-外排"等一系列调控过程而形成的双层膜性脂质小囊泡。外泌体能被多种细胞分泌,包括上皮细胞、肥大细胞、树突状细胞、T淋巴细胞、间充质干细胞等。间充质干细胞在组织修复再生、免疫调节、肿瘤生长调控等方面具有极其重要的作用,且具有极强的外泌体分泌能力。研究发现间充质干细胞治疗机制与间充质干细胞外泌体有关。尽管目前间充质干细胞外泌体的治疗机制还未完全了解,但它已表现出强有力的治疗潜能。牙髓干细胞是存在于牙髓组织中的一种未分化间充质干细胞,具有无伦理争议、易于获取、安全性高等诸多优势。近年研究发现,牙髓干细胞分泌的外泌体在牙髓再生、抗炎以及治疗神经退行性疾病、肿瘤等方面显示巨大的潜在应用价值。本文就外泌体的合成及分泌、提取和鉴定,间充质干细胞外泌体的生物学功能,以及牙髓干细胞外泌体与疾病的相关研究进行了综述,以便加深临床医生对牙髓干细胞外泌体在疾病的发生、发展中机制的认识和理解,为疾病的治疗与进一步研究提供新的思路与靶点。

Exosomes are bilayer lipid vesicles formed by a series of regulatory processes including endocytosis, fusion and efflux. Exosomes can be secreted by a variety of cells, including epithelial cells, mast cells, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells play an important role in tissue repair and regeneration, immune regulation, and tumor growth regulation and have a strong secretory capacity. The therapeutic mechanism of mesenchymal stem cells is related to their exosomes. Although this therapeutic mechanism is not fully understood, it has shown strong therapeutic potential. Dental pulp stem cells are undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells that present in dental pulp tissue. Their use has many advantages, such as a lack of ethical controversy, easy access, and good safety. Recent studies have found that exosomes secreted by dental pulp stem cells have great potential for applications in pulp regeneration, anti-inflammation treatment, neurodegenerative diseases and tumors. This article reviews the synthesis, secretion, extraction and identification of exosomes, the biological functions of mesenchymal stem cell exosomes,and the related research on dental pulp stem cell exosomes and diseases to improve clinicians′ understanding of the mechanism of the occurrence and development of dental pulp stem cell exosomes in diseases. Treatment and further research of these diseases provide new ideas and targets.