先秦诸子政治哲学之复古主义辨析

Analysis of the Revivalism in the Political Philosophy of the Pre-Qin Dynasty

先秦诸子的政治哲学以儒墨道法为大宗。其中,儒墨道皆有复古主义思想倾向。儒墨两家同尊封建,不同之处在于孔孟复古以阐扬经典文物的精神为主旨,墨家复古则流于空泛。道家复古的实质是反对一切社会制度,主张复归于自然和人的天性。法家反对将古代道德混入当世政治,试图构造一种更为纯粹的政治哲学,但是缺少政治人格的“先天不足”导致其理论和实践上都存在缺陷。总体看来,先秦诸子的政治哲学缺少纯粹的逻辑原点,不得不依托理想典范的历史预设进行历史和逻辑相混合的论述。

Confucianism, Taoism and Mohism were the major political philosophies of the pre-Qin scholars. Among them, Confucianism and Mohism all have the thought tendency of revivalism. Confucianism and Mo. hism both respect feudalism and restore ancient ways. The difference lies in that, Confucius and Mencius re. store the spirit of classical cultural relics, while Mohism restores ancient ways vaguely. The essence of Taoism restoring ancient ways is to oppose all social systems and advocate returning to nature. The Legalists oppose to mixing ancient morality with contemporary politics and try to construct a purer political philosophy, but the “inherent deficiency”of their thoughts has made it unable to promote a real rule of law. The pre-Qin scholars lack the pure logical origin of constructing political philosophy and have to discuss the mixed history and logic based on the historical presupposition of ideal model.