70年高等教育重点建设的变化及影响

The Change and Impact of Higher Education Key Construction in the Past 70 Years

高等教育重点建设是中华人民共和国成立70年来政府影响和导引高等教育改革与发展的一项重要策略。70年来随着高等教育的发展高等教育重点建设也发生了不小的变化。高等教育重点建设开始于1954年,在之后的30余年间被“指定”为政府确定重点高校的唯一方式。“改革”“开放”的政策实施之后,以“211工程”为标志,重点建设高校的产生方式由指定转向有竞争的遴选。高等教育重点建设政策的长期实施对中国高等教育的发展产生了深远的影响。这种影响主要体现在重点高校的发展呈现出“捷足先登”的效果;带动了高等教育整体发展,助推了高等教育在地区间、院校间形成明显的“差序格局”;促使政府制定高等教育政策的“重点化”趋向,形成高等教育发展的一种“路径依赖”。

The key construction of higher education is an important strategy for the government influencing and guiding the reform and development of higher education since the founding of the People's Republic of China 70 years ago. In the past 70 years, with the development of higher education, the key construction of higher education has changed a lot. The key construction of higher education began in 1954, and in the following 30 years,"appointment" became the only way for the government to determine key universities. After the implementation of the policy of "reform" and "opening up", with "211 Project" as the symbol, the mode of production of key construction universities has changed from designated to competitive selection. The long-term implementation of the key construction policy of higher education has profound impacts on the development of higher education in China. This kind of influence mainly manifests in the development of key universities showing the effect of "taking the lead first". It promotes the overall development of higher education, and the obvious "differential pattern" of higher education among regions and universities, and promotes the trend of key construction for government making higher education policy, forming a "path dependence" of higher education development.