动后模态词句法层系与其效应——从客语“得”和蒙受句式谈起

The Syntactic Hierarchy and Its Effects of Postverbal Modals: Evidence from Hakka Tet and Affective Construals

本文探讨客语动后模态词“得”,通过制图理论,阐明“得”的句法层系不仅在语法层面有其效应,更可见于语义层面。“得”的表层动后语序起自底层词法要求,驱使动词移位构成“得”的三种体现形式,并分别居于两个句法层系,使其模态性下从词汇层的能愿模态,上至屈折层的义务模态,投射出“模态光谱”的双重模态性。句法层系同时作用于“得”以及“得”与蒙受句式的互动,使其句法语义对应一目了然。本文以客语为线索,与普通话相对照,发掘方言和普通话之间的共性和个性,凸显比较语法带来的新思路。

In this paper,we examine Hakka postverbal modals and argue for the cartographic approach(Rizzi 1997,2004;Cinque 1999)in representation of a syntactic hierarchical approach to the non-canonical word order.Evidence for this approach is adduced to the syntactic properties well as the semantic associations.We propose that the modal element tet patterns with regular modals in being syntactically higher than the VP,and crucially,it behaves as an inflectional affix requiring a[+V]host,triggering either V-movements or v-movements,giving three realizations,namely V-tet,zo-tet V and V-tet-Result.The semantic association shown by this modal tet illustrates the remarkable spectrum of modality(Tsai 2010),from the dynamic modality at the Lexical layer to the deontic modality at the Inflectional layer,due to its dual syntactic positions at the hierarchical topography.Given the fine-grained hierarchical topography,the interactions between tet and the other sophisticatedly-layered constructions,like affective construals,can be captured and further serve to highlight the advantage of the cartographic approach,sorting out complicated surface phenomena and demonstrating the syntactic-semantic correspondence.To summarize,this syntactic hierarchical approach,if on the right track,taking Hakka as evidence,provides a comparative perspective to modal construals,and therefore sheds light not only on the universal parallelism but also idiosyncratic characteristics between Putonghua and its dialects.This paper is thus to highlight a wider range of opinions brought about by the comparative syntax.