中国迁地保护野生动物环境丰容研究现状

Research Status of Wildlife Environmental Enrichment in Ex-situ Protected Area,China

环境丰容是近十年来迁地保护地中提升野生动物生存质量的主要方式。为了了解我国迁地保护野生动物环境丰容研究现状,基于现有的研究报道对环境丰容的研究年度、研究机构、研究地、研究内容、研究对象、效果评估方法等进行了分析。结果表明:(1)迁地保护野生动物环境丰容研究年度间整体上呈增长趋势,2014年以来的增长最为明显;(2)研究机构以动物园为主体(60.71%),同时与高校院所开展了密切的科研合作(34.29%);(3)动物园是迁地保护野生动物环境丰容的首选研究地(93.55%),主要分布在华东、华北、西南等区域(86.02%),其中上海市、江苏省、四川省是研究参与度最高的省级行政区(48.39%),上海动物园、南京红山森林动物园和成都动物园的研究最多(47.31%);(4)研究对象涵盖了哺乳纲、鸟纲、两栖纲、爬行纲、鱼纲所有脊椎动物类别,哺乳纲(灵长目、食肉目、偶蹄目是优势群体)和鸟纲(鹤形目、鹦鹉目是优势群体)的研究关注最高(94.16%);(5)研究内容涵盖了环境丰容、食物丰容、感官丰容(气味丰容、视觉丰容、嗅觉丰容)、认知丰容、社群丰容5大类7小类,以环境丰容和食物丰容占绝对优势(61.73%);(6)环境丰容评估方法包括行为指标法、空间利用法、生理生化法、体尺指标法、直接观察法、环教评估法,其中行为指标法是使用度最高的方法(81.58%)。进一步分析表明,中国迁地保护野生动物环境丰容在研究机构、研究地、研究对象、研究内容、效果评估方法等方面存在不平衡、集中度高的现象。基于此,提出了相应的研究建议。

Environmental enrichment is the main way to improve the life quality of wildlife in ex-situ protected areas during the past decade.In order to understand the research status of wildlife environmental enrichment in ex-situ protected areas in China,we analyzed the research in terms of the date,institutions involved,research areas,contents,and objectives,and evaluation methods based on review of published research reports.The research on environmental enrichment increased annually,especially after 2014.Zoos (61%) were the main research institutions,and there was close scientific cooperation with research institutions and universities (34%).Zoos were the preferred research sites (94%),and these studies were mainly undertaken in East,North,and Southwest China (86%).Among these regions,Shanghai,Jiangsu and Sichuan Provinces were the highest provincial participation areas (48%).Shanghai Zoo,Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo and Chengdu Zoo conducted the most research (47%).The research covered the classes Mammalia,Aves,Amphibia,Reptilia,and Pisces.Mammalia (primates,carnivores,and artiodactyls were dominant groups) and Aves (Gruiformes and Psittaciformes were dominant groups) received most attention (94%).The research content covered enrichment of environment,diet,sensory perception (odor,visual,and olfactory),cognition,and community.Environment and diet were the most frequently studied subjects (62%).Assessment methods of environmental enrichment effects included behavioral indexing,utilization of space,physiological and biochemical assessment,body size indexing,direct observation,and environmental education evaluation.Of these,behavioral indexing was the most commonly used method (82%).There was imbalance and high concentration in terms of research institutions,focal areas,objectives,contents,and evaluation methods.Based on our results we offer recommendations for future research.