深松处理对豫北农田土壤水分与作物耗水的影响

Effects of Subsoiling on Soil Moisture and Crop Water Consumption in Farmland of Northern Henan Province

为探索豫北潮土区冬小麦-夏玉米周年复种连作合理的深松技术指标,于2017-2018年在河南省获嘉县冬小麦播种前进行深松田间试验。采用2种深松机具(T,传统深松机;A,深松+施肥一体机),在传统深松机(T)上设置3个深松深度(D1,30 cm;D2,35 cm;D3,40 cm)和深松+施肥一体机(A)上设置1个深松深度(D2,35 cm),同时以常规旋耕(CK,平均耕作深度为15 cm)为对照,通过测定土壤容重、作物生育期内不同时间段的土壤含水率以及作物收获后的产量和产量性状,分析各深松处理对作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,深松方式能够改变土壤容重,显著降低豫北农田10~30 cm土层的土壤容重。不同深松处理可以显著影响土壤含水率,增加田间蓄水能力,周年0~100 cm土层贮水量两季作物不同处理由大到小依次为TD2、TD1、TD3、AD2、CK,且各处理较旋耕对照依次分别显著增加34.9%、28.9%、28.5%、27.0%(p<0.05)。深松处理还可以显著增加作物的穗数和穗粒数,提高作物产量,各处理两季产量较旋耕对照平均增加8.3%,且冬小麦的增产效应大于夏玉米。同时,深松还能较大幅度地提高冬小麦-夏玉米复种体系作物的水分利用效率,深松处理两季较旋耕对照平均提高12.4%,并显著降低了作物的耗水量和耗水强度,其中以传统深松机深松40 cm处理的效果最优。因此,在冬小麦播种前深松,有利于土壤耕层合理构建,并提高作物产量和水分利用效率,对以旱作冬小麦-夏玉米复种体系为主的豫北地区有很高的推广价值。

The object was to explore the reasonable technical index of subsoiling for the annual double cropping of winter wheat-summer maize in meadow soil of northern Henan Province. In 2017-2018,based on the data of field experiment,the subsoiling was conducted before sowing winter wheat in Huojia County of Henan Province. The experimental design used two kinds of subsoiling machine(T,traditional subsoiling machine;A,subsoiling + fertilization integrated machine)and three depths (D1,30 cm;D2, 35 cm and D3,40 cm)were set on the traditional subsoiling machine and a deep depth(D2,35 cm)on subsoiling + fertilizer integrated machine,meanwhile,the conventional rotary tillage(CK,average tillage depth of 15 cm)was used as a control. The variations of crop yield and water use efficiency of each subsoiling treatment were analyzed by measuring soil bulk density,soil water content and crop yield and yield traits. The result showed that the subsoiling method could change the soil bulk density,and the soil bulk density in 10~30 cm soil layer was significantly reduced( p <0.05). Subsoiling treatments also had a significant impact on soil water content,which could increase the water storage capacity in field( p <0.05). During the annual two-season crops,the water storage capacity of soil in 0~100 cm soil layer in descending order was TD2, TD1, TD3, AD2 and CK. Compared with the water storage capacity of rotary tillage,that of the subsoiling treatments was increased significantly by 34.9%,28.9%,28.5% and 27.0%( p <0.05),respectively. Subsoiling treatments also could significantly increase the number of spikes and kernels of crops,and increase the yield of crops( p <0.05). The yield of subsoiling treatments were averagely increased by 8.3% in two-season crops compared with the rotary tillage,and the effect of increasing yield of winter wheat was greater than that of summer maize. At the same time,subsoiling could also greatly improve the water use efficiency(WUE)of the crops in the winter wheat-summer maize multiple cropping system,and significantly reduce water consumption and water consumption intensity of crops( p <0.05). The WUE of subsoiling treatments was averagely increased by 12.4% compared with that of the rotary tillage,among which AD2 had the best effect. Therefore,subsoiling before the sowing of winter wheat was conducive to the rational construction of soil tillage layer, which improved crop yield and water use efficiency. It had a high promotion value for the dry farming wheat-maize multiple cropping system of northern Henan Province.