新中国人口迁移70年:机制、过程与发展

70 Years of China’s Migration:Mechanisms, Processes and Evolution

新中国成立以来,作为三大人口变动之一的人口迁移,也伴随国家的艰难探索走过了70年历程。回顾人口迁移的发展,大致可以1978年为界划分为改革开放前30年和改革开放后40年两个阶段。两个阶段主要受经济体制及改革开放的影响,人口迁移表现出不同的发展特征。户籍制度自1958年出台,一直作为人口迁移的桎梏制约着人口迁移的发展。改革开放以来,初步建立的社会主义市场经济体制,提供了在城市没有户口也可以生存的条件,使农村人口大规模向城市迁移,推动了人口城市化快速发展,创造了中国经济持续30多年的高速增长。但户籍制度仍制约这一阶段农村人口向城市的迁移,使其只能是“不完全”迁移及“半”城市化,并同时造成了严重的农村“三留守”人口问题。彻底改革现行户籍制度,才能更好地实现人口迁移与经济社会的良性互动和健康发展。

The development of migration during the past 70 years can be divided into two phrases, the first 30 years before 1978 and the 40 years thereafter. Migration in the two phrases has developed different characteristics affected by economic system and reform and opening-up. The hukou system has restricted the development of migration since its establishment in 1958. After reform and opening-up, the development of socialist market economy system provides city-living conditions for population even without city’s hukou. A large-scale rural population migrated to cities has pushed forward the rapid development of population urbanization, then led to more than 30 years’high-rate economic growth in China. Nevertheless, due to the restriction of hukou, migration at this stage was incomplete and resulted in partial urbanization. The incompleteness causes issues of rura“l left behind”population. It is crucial to reform the hukou system so as to achieve the harmonious development of migration and social economic development.