在美中国移民区位选择的时空演变及其原因分析

The Spatio-temporal Evolution and Reasons Analysis of the Location Choice of Chinese Immigration in the United States

美国通过完善的移民政策和优质的经济社会环境享受着移民红利,这对亟需国际优秀人才和完善移民政策及服务的中国具有重要的借鉴意义。基于1998~2016年美国州际面板数据,文章运用核密度估计图、标准差椭圆和空间自相关刻画中国移民区位选择的时空演变格局,并借助引力模型和两阶段最小二乘法实证检验其影响因素。研究表明:(1)在美中国移民区位选择以西部和东北部沿海地区为主,分布重心随时间东移,并向南部沿海和内陆地区扩散,其空间集聚模式是地理区位、经济差异和移民政策共同作用的结果;(2)种族网络、投资、收入、教育、医疗、社会福利和开放程度的提高显著正向吸引中国移民,而失业率和税负有显著负向影响,移民成本和环境污染因素负向影响不显著。美国沿海地区依靠收入、亲属关系、就业、教育、医疗和社会福利等地域优势吸引大量中国移民,这对中国抓住国际人才红利和制定具有全球竞争力的人才政策提供了政策启示。

The United States has been enjoying the immigration dividends through improved immigration policies and high-quality economic and social environment, which has provided great reference significance to China in urgent need of international talents and superior immigration policy and its services. Based on the interstate panel data in the US from 1998 to 2016, the paper describes the spatio-temporal evolution pattern of location selection of Chinese immigrants by using kernel density estimation graph, standard deviation ellipse and spatial autocorrelation, and empirically tests its influencing factors with the help of gravity model and two-stage least square method. The research shows that:(1) the location selection of Chinese immigrants in the US is mainly in the western and northeastern coastal areas, and the distribution center of gravity moves eastward with time, and gradually spreads to the southern coastal and inland areas. This spatial agglomeration pattern has in resulted from combined factors of geographical location, economic difference and immigration policy.(2) Ethnic network, investment, income, education, health care, social welfare and openness have significantly attracted Chinese immigrants, while the unemployment rate and tax burden have significantly negative impacts, and immigration cost and environmental pollution are not significant. The coastal areas of the US attract a large number of Chinese immigrants by virtue of their geographical advantages such as income, kinship, employment, education, health care and social welfare, which provides policy implications for China to seize the international talent dividend and formulate a globally competitive talent policy.