隔代照料对中老年人劳动参与的影响——基于中国健康与养老追踪调查的实证分析

Impact of Intergenerational Care on the Middle-aged and Elderly People Employment: Evidence from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

基于2015年CHARLS数据,并利用二阶段最小二乘法和工具变量Tobit回归模型,从隔代照料视角出发分析中老年人隔代照料行为对其劳动参与以及劳动时间的影响。研究结果表明:(1)中老年人提供隔代照料活动使其劳动参与率降低20.3%,劳动时间平均每周减少17.98小时;(2)性别和年龄段的异质性分析表明,相对于男性、老年人,女性中年人的劳动参与率和劳动时间受隔代照料活动的负向影响更显著;(3)对不同类型的劳动受隔代照料影响的差异分析发现,隔代照料活动使中老年人农业劳动参与率降低32.1%,农业劳动时间减少22.09小时,而对非农业劳动参与状况没有显著影响。基于以上结论,应制定相应的政策,增加幼儿照护公共资源的供给,减少中老年群体的家庭照料负担,完善女性中年人农业劳动者的就业制度,以减缓中老年人家庭与就业的双重压力,促进中老年人劳动力资源的有效供给。

Based on the data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS) in 2015, using two-stage least squares method and Instrumental Variable Tobit regression model, this paper analyzes the impact of the elderly’s intergenerational care behavior on their labor participation and labor time from the perspective of intergenerational care. The results show the following.(1) Providing intergenerational care for the middle-aged and elderly reduces their labor participation rate by 20.3% and their working hours by 17.98 hours per week on average.(2) Heterogeneity analysis of gender and age groups shows that labor participation rate and working time of middle-aged women are more significantly negatively affected by intergenerational care activities than those of men and the elderly.(3) Difference analysis of different types of labor affected by intergenerational care shows that intergenerational care activities has reduced the participation rate of agricultural labor by 32.1% and the average working hours of agriculture by 22.09 hours per week, but has no significant impact on the participation of non-agricultural labor. Based on the above conclusions, corresponding policies to increase the supply of public resources for child care are formulated: to reduce the burden of family care for middle-aged and elderly groups, to improve the employment system of female middle-aged agricultural workers, to alleviate the double pressure of family and employment of middle-aged and elderly people, and to promote the effective supply of labor resources for middle-aged and elderly people.