欧洲发达国家应用型高等院校建设的基本路径研究

Research on the Basic Path of the Construction of Applied Universities in European Developed Countries

20世纪60年代末70年代初,随着社会经济的快速发展,欧洲一些发达国家,如德国、奥地利、瑞士、荷兰、芬兰、英国等国家抓住产业结构转型升级,社会对高级技术技能型人才的需求急剧高涨的契机,将一部分发展基础相对较好且位于区域特色产业集中区的工程技术学校、高级专业学校等通过新建、升级等方式转型为应用技术类大学,同时政府也出资新建了一批应用技术大学。经过40多年的发展,这些肩负培养高层次应用型人才、发展高科技创新研发、为区域发展输送高层次技术技能型人才等重任的应用技术大学在提升国家竞争力,完善高等教育体系结构等方面做出了重大贡献。时至今日,欧洲应用技术大学在高等教育中占据着很大的比例,其在办学定位、生源条件、人才培养模式等方面取得了很多值得借鉴的创新性成果,本文将从以上几个方面对欧洲发达国家应用型高等院校建设的基本路径做一简单探讨。

In the late 60s and early 70s of last century, with the rapid development of economy and society, some European countries like Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Netherlands, Finland and UK were faced with the challenge of radical industry transformation and upgrading, which directly led to enterprises' higher demand for advanced technical graduates. Under such a circumstance, those countries timely grabbed the chance and transformed some well-developed engineering technical schools and senior professional schools which were situated in the areas where there are many special industries into applied universities through direct establishment or upgrading. Meanwhile, the government funded some applied universities. After nearly 40 years' development, those universities that take the responsibilities of developing advanced technical graduates, improving technical creative ability and offering qualified graduates for areas have made great contributions to bettering national higher education structure and enhancing national competitive power. Till to now, European applied universities have taken a great proportion in higher education and they have attained many creative achievements in the aspect of school-running orientation, students' conditions and talents cultivating patterns. Hence, the paper is to make an exploration on the developmental path of European applied universities based on those aspects.